Within the international relations literature, there is a large body of work dedicated to cooperation and conflict. More specifically, there are numerous theories of regime formation that attempt to explain how and why cooperation among several nation-states is possible. This paper addresses three of the dominant perspectives: conventional structural realism, modified structural realism, and the Grotian perspective (also often referred to as the Global Commons perspective). The goal of this paper is to analyze the rise of regimes to manage international environmental issues in light of these theories. Specifically, I analyze the case of the United States/Canadian water management regime for the Great Lakes first established by the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty. I apply both a conventional structural realist framework and a modified structural realist framework (depicted in game theoretic terms) to the case study. Because neither of these frameworks is able to adequately explain the rise of the United States/Canadian regime, I employ a framework based on the Grotian perspective. Concentrating on Oran Young's hypotheses of institutional bargaining, I analyze the case study and point out similarities and discrepancies between the theory and the actual event. Finally, I discuss the role of epistemic communities in regime formation and maintenance. Based on the results of the application of each analytical framework, I conclude that the Grotian perspective (expressed in terms of the institutional bargaining approach) is best able to identify the causes of the formation of the water management regime between the United States and Canada. Because this is one of the most successful examples of an international environmental regime in terms of longevity, compliance, and progress, the factors involved in its creation should make a contribution to our understanding of the problems and possibilities associated with the construction of international environmental management regimes. I draw heavily from the work of notable regime theorists, such as Susan Strange, Stephen Krasner, Robert Keohane, and Ernst Haas, as well as theorists who have specifically addressed international environmental issues, such as Oran Young, Peter Haas, and Jessica Tuchman Mathews / Master of Arts

A exploração de impacto reduzido (EIR) é um método florestal conhecido por ter suas atividades fundamentadas em maior planejamento e colheitas controladas de madeira para garantir maior potencial de recuperação em florestas exploradas, sendo um critério essencial para o desenvolvimento sustentável. No entanto, a extração ilegal de madeira e outras práticas insustentáveis de manejo na Amazônia brasileira continuam aumentando em regiões tropicais e são responsáveis pela diminuição da disponibilidade de madeira, criando uma luta cada vez maior para garantir um rendimento sucessivo de espécies exploradas em ciclos de corte consecutivos. Para superar esse problema, investigamos o padrão de crescimento e o valor das espécies florestais manejadas, a fim de dar subsídio à futuras adequações na legislação aplicada ao manejo e garantir a sustentabilidade florestal. Além disso, buscamos conhecer quais fatores bióticos e abióticos podem influenciar o crescimento, mortalidade e recrutamento da floresta após a exploração, a fim de propor tratamentos silviculturais que acelerem a recuperação dessa floresta para o próximo ciclo de corte. Determinamos também as curvas de crescimento das espécies madeireiras e sua valorização econômica com o passar dos anos, bem como analisamos se a gestão adotada atualmente garante a sustentabilidade florestal no futuro. Essa pesquisa ocorreu na Amazônia Oriental, no Brasil, em uma floresta que foi explorada por EIR e EC. A tese consiste em cinco capítulos: a introdução geral, três capítulos de pesquisa e uma síntese com considerações finais dos estudos. No segundo capítulo, os resultados afirmaram que o crescimento da floresta é maior após o uso da EIR, porém fatores de condição das árvores e vizinhança também podem influenciar o crescimento da floresta e de grupos funcionais. Dessa forma, o aumento da quantidade de lianas, danos na copa e competição unilateral por área basal teve efeito negativo no crescimento florestal. Além disso, o aumento do nível de luz e competição multilateral por densidade pode aumentar as taxas de crescimento das árvores. Os fatores de condição das árvores e vizinhança afetam de maneira diferente os grupos funcionais. Descobrimos também que houve aumento significativo das taxas de crescimento após a colheita florestal, mostrando que as espécies aproveitam o ambiente com muita luz para crescer. No terceiro capítulo, os resultados afirmam que as técnicas de exploração florestal influenciam a mortalidade das árvores, sendo a exploração convencional responsável por maior probabilidade de mortalidade após a colheita florestal; as árvores com nível alto de lianas têm maior probabilidade de mortalidade; as árvores com danos na copa têm maior chance de mortalidade; as maiores árvores (DAP maior) são mais suscetíveis à mortalidade. No quarto capítulo, foi observado que o incremento em diâmetro e área basal, para a maioria das espécies, aumenta com o uso de técnicas de baixo impacto na exploração. As espécies têm diminuição do incremento em diâmetro devido a influência de El Niño. O crescimento de espécies como Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd., Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev., Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach. e Handroanthus serratifilius (Vahl) S.Grose é muito lento e a alta intensidade de corte na exploração pode diminuir ainda mais a velocidade de crescimento e recuperação dessas espécies. As menores árvores apresentaram menor crescimento e as maiores árvores apresentaram oscilação das taxas de crescimento logo após a exploração. As espécies madeireiras mais valorizadas são as madeiras nobres de alta densidade, porém como elas não têm a sustentabilidade garantida pelas atividades de exploração, com o passar do tempo são substituídas por espécies de baixa densidade. Esse estudo apresenta a interface entre a ciência do manejo, silvicultura de espécies tropicais e sua prática. Dessa forma, auxilia no aperfeiçoamento das leis e normas que regem o manejo e no desenvolvimento de tratamentos silviculturais específicos em florestas tropicais. Nossos resultados mostram como é possível melhorar as técnicas de exploração de madeira, diminuir a competição, os danos florestais e otimizar a recuperação florestal visando alcançar, num futuro próximo, o manejo florestal sustentável. Esse estudo pode ser utilizado como subsídio à silvicultura de espécies e ações de manejo em diferentes ecossistemas florestais por profissionais do manejo, tomadores de decisão e cientistas, para que a ciência e o setor produtivo possam avançar. / Reduced impact logging (RIL) is a well known forestry method that requires extensive planning and controlled timber harvesting to ensure a greater recovery potential for exploited forests, an essential criteria for sustainable development. However, in the Brazilian Amazon, illegal logging and other unsustainable forest management practices continue to increase in tropical regions and are responsible for decreasing the availability of timber, creating an ever-increasing struggle to guarantee successive yields of timber species in consecutive cutting cycles. To overcome this problem, we investigated the growth pattern and value of managed forest timber species to support future legislation amendments applied to the management and guarantee of forest sustainability in Amazonian Brazil. We examined biotic and abiotic factors that may influence forest growth, mortality, and recruitment after exploration, which gave indication to potential silvicultural treatments that can accelerate forest recovery in succeeding cutting cycles. We also determined timber species growth curves and estimated their financial increase potential overtime as well as analyze whether the management practices currently adopted guarantees forest sustainability in the future. This research took place in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil in a forest that had been harvested using RIL and CL (Conventional logging) techniques. This thesis consists of five chapters: the general introduction, three research chapters and a concluding chapter synthsizing the major findings from the study. In the second chapter, results confirm forest growth to be higher after implementing RIL, but factors related to tree and neighborhood condition can influence forest growth and functional groups. Thus, an increased amount of vines, crown damage and unilateral competition by basal area had a negative effect on forest growth. In addition, increasing light levels and multilateral competition may increase rates of tree growth. Furthermore, factors of tree condition and neighborhood seemed to affect the functional groups differently. We also found there was a significant increase in growth rates after harvesting, indicating that species take advantage of the greater availability of light within their environment. In the third chapter, the results affirm that the techniques of forest logging influence the mortality of the trees, being the conventional exploitation responsible for a greater probability of mortality after the forest harvest; trees with high lianas have greater likelihood of mortality; trees with crown damage have higher chance of mortality; the largest trees (DBH larger) are more susceptible to mortality. In the fourth chapter, it was observed that most species diameter and basal areas increased with the use of low impact logging techniques. Decreased in species diameter was mainly attributed to the influence of El Niño events. The growth of species such as Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd., Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev., Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach. and Handroanthus serratifilius (Vahl) S.Grose are generally very slow growing and high intensity logging may the rate of growth and recovery of these species even more. The smallest trees recorded presented lower rates of growth compared to larger trees which presented an growth rates that oscillated soon after exploitation. The most valued timber species are those of high density, but as they do not have the sustainability guaranteed by exploration activities, over time they are replaced by low density species. This study presents an interface between the science of forest management, forestry of tropical species and its practice. Therefore, it helps to improve the laws and regulations governing the management and development of specific silvicultural treatments in tropical forests. Our findings show how it is possible to improve logging techniques, reduce competition and forest damage and optimize forest recovery in order to achieve sustainable forest management in the near future. This study can be used as a subsidy to the forestry of species and management actions in different forest ecosystems by management professionals, decision makers and scientists, so that science and the productive sector can move forward.

農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the recreational potential of the Orlik dam in the event of a cleanup. The subject of research is the evaluation of recreational use through economic methods for valuing environmental goods and in terms of human factors. Based on the analysis of data collected as part of the verification - if cleaning the Orlik dam will bring greater economic benefits.