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Evaluation of Toxic Release Inventory Facilities in Metropolitan Atlanta: Census Tract Demographics, Facility Distribution, Air Toxic Emissions and RegulationJohnson, Ryan 15 May 2015 (has links)
Background and Purpose
Low socioeconomic status (SES) populations as well as minorities are often exposed to a disproportionate number of hazardous chemical including hydrogen fluoride, benzene and formaldehyde (Bullard, 2008). The sources of these hazards may include noxious land uses such as incinerators and landfills, Superfund sites, Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) facilities, sewer and water treatment plants, and other locally unwanted land uses (Choi, Shim, Kaye, & Ryan, 2006). The disproportionate burden often results in increased exposure to harmful environmental conditions for affected communities (Wilson et al., 2014). The objectives of this study are to evaluate the relevance of demographic characteristics to (1) TRI facility location, (2) TRI chemical emissions, and (3) incidence and resolution of facility complaints.
Methods
The study area is the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget is comprised of 20 counties. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relative importance of race and socioeconomic variables in predicting whether a TRI facility was located in a census tract. We applied multiple regression models to examine the association between amount of air toxics released from TRI facilities in the census tract (dependent variable), the number of emissions from TRI facilities in the census tract and the amount of chemicals released per emission and socio-demographic variables at the census tract level. Additionally, multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the number of complaints to toxic chemicals and time to resolution of complaints and the covariates (SES and race/ethnicity) at the census tract level.
Results
In multivariate models the odds ratio for the presence of a TRI facility is 0.89 (p=0.002) for each 1% increase of females with a college degree and 2.4 (p
Discussion and Conclusion
We found evidence of racial and socio-demographic disparities in the burden of TRI facilities and chemical emissions in the Atlanta MSA. We observed a trend for toxic chemicals emitted suggesting that more blacks and Hispanics were burdened by and potentially exposed to TRI facilities than were Whites. There was only one predictor, percentage of females with a college degree, where we observed an inverse and statistically significant association with the amount of chemical emissions in pounds. We also found evidence that of potential differences in regulation processes of TRI facilities. Overall, results indicate that race/ethnicity and socioeconomic composition play a role in TRI facility siting and TRI facility emissions indicating burden disparities for low-SES populations as well as non-Whites in the Atlanta MSA. These results are similar to results presented in the environmental justice literature.
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Social and environmental determinants of neuropsychological development from birth to preadolescenceForns i Guzman, Joan, 1981- 03 April 2012 (has links)
Introduction
Neuropsychological development is a genetically guided process which is continuously modified by socio-environmental factors. This thesis aimed to study the main socio-environmental determinants of neuropsychological development in different time-periods, such in the first two years of life, during preschool, and during preadolescence. This thesis also aimed to summarize the work done in environmental epidemiology on neuropsychological development in a novel conceptual framework.
Methods
This thesis is based on the data of the INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Project. The main objective of this project is to evaluate the impact of environmental exposures in children’s health in 7 population-based birth cohorts in different regions of Spain. The neuropsychological development of approximate total of 2,650 children was assessed at different time-periods following the same protocols.
Results
(1) Maternal cognitive capacities were positively related with child cognitive development early in life in more disadvantaged occupational social classes. (2) The levels of child cortisol were not related to child neuropsychological development during the second year of life. (3) Higher levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum due to prolonged periods of breastfeeding improved early neuropsychological development of children, in particular in those children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. (4) Prenatal exposure to PCBs (specially for PCB congener 153) impacted negatively on psychomotor development during the second year in life and on general neuropsychological development at the age of 4 years. (5) Postnatal exposure to organochlorine compounds was associated with a delay in reaction time (speed processing) during the preadolescent period. (6) The conceptual framework proposed will improve the quality of research in this area.
Conclusions
Social and cultural determinants such as maternal intelligence, educational level or occupational social class, are configuring the proximal environment in which a child develops and determine their neuropsychological development. Current levels of some organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated byphenils, measured in blood samples (from umbilical cord, mothers, or children) are impairing on neuropsychological development in the general population. / Introducció
El desenvolupament neuropsicològic infantil és un procés guiat genèticament, el qual és contínuament influenciat per factors socials i ambientals. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis fou l’estudi dels principals determinants socio-ambientals del desenvolupament neuropsicològic infantil en diferents períodes de temps. Aquesta tesis també té l’objectiu de resumir en un marc conceptual els diferents components del desenvolupament neuropsicològic pel seu ús en estudis d’epidemiologia ambiental.
Mètodes
Aquesta tesis està basada en dades del projecte INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El principal objectiu d’aquest projecte és avaluar l’impacte de les exposicions ambientals en la salud infantil en 7 cohorts de població establides en diferents regions d’Espanya. Dintre del marc d’aquest projecte, s’ha avaluat el desenvolupament neuropsicològic d’aproximadament 2.650 nens en diferents moments, seguint els mateixos protocols.
Resultats
(1) Les capacitats cognitives maternes estan positivament relacionades amb el desenvolupament cognitiu infantil en les primeres etapes, en les classes socials ocupacionals menys afavorides. (2) Els nivells de cortisol infantil no mostren associació amb el desenvolupament neuropsicològic durant el segon any de vida. (3) Nivells elevats d’àcids grassos poliinsaturats de cadena llarga en conjunció amb períodes prolongats de lactancia materna afavoreixen el desenvolupament neuropsicològic a les primeres etapes, especialment en aquells nens de mares fumadores durant l’embaràs. (4) L’exposició prenatal a PCBs (espcialment, al congener 153) impacta negativament en el desenvolupament psicomotor infantil durant el segon any de vida i en el desenvolupament neuropsicològic general als 4 anys d’edat. (5) L’exposició postnatal a compostos organocloroats està associada a una capacitat de reacció (velocitat de processament) més alentida en etapes preadolescents. (6) L’ús del marc conceptual propossat tesis afavorirà la qualitat de l’investigació en aquesta àrea.
Conclussions
Els determinants socials, com l’intel•ligència materna, el nivell educatiu o la classe social basada en l’ocupació, configuren l’entorn més proper del nen i determinen el seu desenvolupament neuropsicològic. Els nivells actuals de certs compostos organoclorats, especialment els bifenils policlorinats, mesurats en mostres de sang (de cordó umbilical, mares o nens) mostren efectes negatius sobre el desenvolupament neuropsicològic en la població general. / Introducción
El desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil es un proceso guiado genéticamente, el cual está contínuamente influenciado por factores sociales y ambientales. El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar los principales determinantes socio-ambientales del desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil en diferentes periodos de tiempo. Esta tesis también tenía como objetivo resumir en un marco conceptual el trabajo hecho en epidemiología ambiental en el estudio del desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil.
Métodos
Esta tesis está basada en datos del proyecto INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El principal objetivo de esto proyecto es evaluar el impacto de las exposiciones ambientales en la salud infantil en 7 cohortes de población establecidas en diferentes regiones de España. El desarrollo neuropsicológico de aproximadamente 2.650 niños ha sido evaluado en diferentes momentos siguiendo los mismos protocolos.
Resultados
(1) Las capacidades cognitivas maternas están positivamente relacionadas con el desarrollo cognitivo infantil en edades tempranas en las clases sociales ocupacionales menos aventajadas. (2) Los niveles de cortisol en el niño no se asocian con el desarrollo neuropsicológico durante el segundo año de vida. (3) Niveles altos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga debido a periodos largos de lactancia materna mejoraron el desarrollo neuropsicológico a edades tempranas, especialmente en esos niños cuyas madres fumaron durante el embarazo. (4) La exposición prenatal a PCBs (espcialmente para el congener 153) impacta negativamente en el desarrollo psicomotor durante el segundo año de vida y en desarrollo neuropsicológico general a la edad de 4 años. (5) La exposición postnatal a compuestos organoclorados está asociado con una peor capacidad de tiempo de reacción (velocidad de procesamiento) durante la preadolescencia. (6) El marco conceptual propuesto mejorará la calidad de la investigación en esta área.
Conclusiones
Los determinantes sociales tales como inteligencia maternal, nivel educativo o clase social basada en la ocupación, configuran el entorno más cercano en el cual el niño se desarrolla y determinan su desarrollo neuropsicológico. Los niveles actuales de ciertos compuestos organoclorados, especialmente los bifeniles policlorinados, medidos en sangre (de cordón umbilical, madre, o niño) tienen efectos negativos sobre el desarrollo neuropsicológico de la población general.
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Environmental and lifestyle factors, including viral infections, in relation to development of allergy among children in Saint-Petersburg and Stockholm /Sidorchuk, Anna, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Occupational and environmental aspects on the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis /Reckner Olsson, Åsa January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Passive smoking in children : the importance of parents' smoking and use of protective measures /Johansson, AnnaKarin January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
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Genetic and environmental factors in relation to childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus aetiology and clinical presentation in Sweden and Lithuania /Sadauskaitė- Kühne, Vaiva. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Hälsopåverkan av åtgärder i fuktiga byggnader /Ekstrand-Tobin, Annika, January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2004.
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Cancer risks and immunological effects in agriculture /Settimi Dionisi, Laura January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
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Hearing impairment and deafness : genetic and environmental factors - interactions - consequences : a clinical audiological approach /Carlsson, Per-Inge, January 2005 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Örebro : Örebro universitet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Genetic studies on childhood asthma and allergy - role of interactions /Melén, Erik , January 2006 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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