This research investigates the environment and development issues of three stakeholders at multiple scales—global, national, regional, and local. Through the analysis of financial, social, and environmental metrics, the potential benefits and risks of each case study are estimated, and their implications are considered. In the first case study, the relationship of manufacturing and environmental performance is investigated. Over 700 facilities of a global manufacturer that produce 11 products on six continents were investigated to understand global variations and determinants of environmental performance. Water, energy, carbon dioxide emissions, and production data from these facilities were analyzed to assess environmental performance; the relationship of production composition at the individual firm and environmental performance were investigated. Location-independent environmental performance metrics were combined to provide both global and local measures of environmental performance. These models were extended to estimate future water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions considering potential demand shifts. Natural resource depletion risks were investigated, and mitigation strategies related to vulnerabilities and exposure were discussed. The case study demonstrated how data from multiple facilities can be used to characterize the variability amongst facilities and to preview how changes in production may affect overall corporate environmental metrics. The developed framework adds a new approach to account for environmental performance and degradation as well as assess potential risk in locations where climate change may affect the availability of production resources (i.e., water and energy) and thus, is a tool for understanding risk and maintaining competitive advantage. The second case study was designed to address the issue of delivering affordable and sustainable energy. Energy pricing was evaluated by modeling individual energy consumption behaviors. This analysis simulated a heterogeneous set of residential households in both the urban and rural environments in order to understand demand shifts in the residential energy end-use sector due to the effects of electricity pricing. An agent-based model (ABM) was created to investigate the interactions of energy policy and individual household behaviors; the model incorporated empirical data on beliefs and perceptions of energy. The environmental beliefs, energy pricing grievances, and social networking dynamics were integrated into the ABM model structure. This model projected the aggregate residential sector electricity demand throughout the 30-year time period as well as distinguished the respective number of households who only use electricity, that use solely rely on indigenous fuels, and that incorporate both indigenous fuels and electricity. The model is one of the first characterizations of household electricity demand response and fuel transitions related to energy pricing at the individual household level, and is one of the first approaches to evaluating consumer grievance and rioting response to energy service delivery. The model framework is suggested as an innovative tool for energy policy analysis and can easily be revised to assist policy makers in other developing countries. In the final case study, a framework was developed for a broad cost-benefit and greenhouse gas evaluation of transit systems and their associated developments. A case study was developed of the Atlanta BeltLine. The net greenhouse gas emissions from the BeltLine light rail system will depend on the energy efficiency of the streetcars themselves, the greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity used to power the streetcars, the extent to which people use the BeltLine instead of driving personal vehicles, and the efficiency of their vehicles. The effects of ridership, residential densities, and housing mix on environmental performance were investigated and were used to estimate the overall system efficacy. The range of the net present value of this system was estimated considering health, congestion, per capita greenhouse gas emissions, and societal costs and benefits on a time-varying scale as well as considering the construction and operational costs. The 95% confidence interval was found with a range bounded by a potential loss of $860 million and a benefit of $2.3 billion; the mean net present value was $610 million. It is estimated that the system will generate a savings of $220 per ton of emitted CO2 with a 95% confidence interval bounded by a potential social cost of $86 cost per ton CO2 and a savings of $595 per ton CO2.

Pour mettre en place des stratégies d’écoconception, il est nécessaire d’évaluer la performance environnementale. L’emploi d’Indicateurs de Performance Environnementale (IPE) est un bon moyen pour y parvenir. Ces IPE doivent être adaptés aux différents acteurs de la chaine de valeur, internes et externes à l’entreprise, susceptibles d’être impliqués dans l’amélioration de la performance environnementale pour qu’ils soient efficaces. Ces différents acteurs ont des besoins différents en matière d’information (détails, type d’information) et ces besoins peuvent être contradictoires. Nous proposons, dans ces travaux, une méthode de sélection des IPE prenant en compte les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur et leurs besoins. Une fois les IPE définis, ils doivent permettre d’évaluer la situation, de définir des stratégies d’écoconception et de suivre l’évolution de la performance environnementale. Pour certains produits consommateurs d’énergie en phase d’utilisation, le scénario d’usage peut faire varier de manière importante la performance environnementale. Un focus est donc fait sur la mise en place de stratégies d’éco-utilisation. Il est nécessaire que les stratégies mises en place permettent aux clients/utilisateurs de diminuer leurs impacts environnementaux et à l’entreprise de prendre un avantage concurrentiel tout en améliorant la performance environnementale de ses produits. Dans ces travaux, cela se traduit par : 1) l’adaptation d’outils d’écoconception existant pour l’intégration des acteurs de la chaîne de valeur ; 2) la définition d’une méthode de diagnostic personnalisé de l’usage des produits. Ces méthodes ont été appliquées et validées sur le cas d’étude des unités de réfrigération pour le transport routier à température dirigée. / To implement ecodesign strategies, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental performance. The use of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI) is a good way to achieve this. These EPI, to be effective, must be adapted to the various value chain actors, internal and external to the company, susceptible to be involved in the improvement of the environmental performance. These different actors have different needs regarding information (details, type of information) and these needs may be contradictory. In this work, we propose a method for selecting EPI that take into account the value chain actors and their needs. Once the EPI have been defined, they must be able to assess the situation, define ecodesign strategies and monitor the evolution of environmental performance. For some energy-using products, the usage scenario can significantly vary the environmental performance. A focus is thus put on the development of sustainable behavior strategies. It is necessary that the strategies put in place allow customers/users to reduce their environmental impact and that the company takes a competitive advantage while improving the environmental performance of its products. In this study, this is reflected in: 1) the adaptation of existing ecodesign tools for the integration of value chain actors; 2) the definition of a method of personalized diagnosis of the use of products. These methods have been applied and validated by the case study of road transport refrigeration units.

Grandes transformações sociais, concomitantemente ao crescimento da atividade industrial e seu consequente impacto no meio ambiente, fizeram com que a preservação ecológica se tornasse parte importante das estratégias organizacionais. Conceitualmente, o desenvolvimento sustentável das organizações busca o equilíbrio entre as variáveis econômica, social e ecológica. Deste modo, com o intuito de verificar se as práticas de proteção ambiental das empresas são recompensadas pelo mercado, este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar, por meio da utilização de técnicas de análise fatorial e de ferramentas computacionais, a existência de correlação entre o desempenho financeiro e o desempenho ambiental de uma amostra de empresas posicionadas entre as maiores organizações, em valor de mercado, listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - Bovespa. Por meio da filtragem de informações, a amostra e o número de variáveis foram reduzidos, a fim de se obter um banco de dados sem informações faltantes, permitindo a aplicação das técnicas estatísticas com maior grau de confiabilidade. Considerando os indicadores analisados nos cruzamentos de fatores rotacionados realizados na presente pesquisa, os resultados obtidos revelam a independência entre os dois grupos de variáveis, concluindo que o desempenho ambiental das empresas não impacta sobre o desempenho financeiro das mesmas. / Great social changes, along with the growth of industrial activity and its consequent impact on the environment, caused the ecological preservation became an important part of organizational strategies. Conceptually, sustainable development of organizations seeks a balance between economic, social and ecological variables related to business operations. Thus, in order to verify if the environmental protection practices of companies are rewarded by the market, this study aims to analyze, through the use of means of factorial analysis and computational tools, the existence of a correlation between the financial performance and environmental performance of a sample of companies placed among the largest organizations in market value, listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa. Through filtering of information, the sample and the number of variables were reduced in order to obtain a database without missing information, allowing the application of statistical techniques with higher degree of reliability. Whereas the indicators analyzed in the crosses of rotated factors performed in this study, the results show the independence between the two groups of variables, concluding that the environmental performance of companies has no impact on the financial performance of the same.

Grandes transformações sociais, concomitantemente ao crescimento da atividade industrial e seu consequente impacto no meio ambiente, fizeram com que a preservação ecológica se tornasse parte importante das estratégias organizacionais. Conceitualmente, o desenvolvimento sustentável das organizações busca o equilíbrio entre as variáveis econômica, social e ecológica. Deste modo, com o intuito de verificar se as práticas de proteção ambiental das empresas são recompensadas pelo mercado, este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar, por meio da utilização de técnicas de análise fatorial e de ferramentas computacionais, a existência de correlação entre o desempenho financeiro e o desempenho ambiental de uma amostra de empresas posicionadas entre as maiores organizações, em valor de mercado, listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - Bovespa. Por meio da filtragem de informações, a amostra e o número de variáveis foram reduzidos, a fim de se obter um banco de dados sem informações faltantes, permitindo a aplicação das técnicas estatísticas com maior grau de confiabilidade. Considerando os indicadores analisados nos cruzamentos de fatores rotacionados realizados na presente pesquisa, os resultados obtidos revelam a independência entre os dois grupos de variáveis, concluindo que o desempenho ambiental das empresas não impacta sobre o desempenho financeiro das mesmas. / Great social changes, along with the growth of industrial activity and its consequent impact on the environment, caused the ecological preservation became an important part of organizational strategies. Conceptually, sustainable development of organizations seeks a balance between economic, social and ecological variables related to business operations. Thus, in order to verify if the environmental protection practices of companies are rewarded by the market, this study aims to analyze, through the use of means of factorial analysis and computational tools, the existence of a correlation between the financial performance and environmental performance of a sample of companies placed among the largest organizations in market value, listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa. Through filtering of information, the sample and the number of variables were reduced in order to obtain a database without missing information, allowing the application of statistical techniques with higher degree of reliability. Whereas the indicators analyzed in the crosses of rotated factors performed in this study, the results show the independence between the two groups of variables, concluding that the environmental performance of companies has no impact on the financial performance of the same.

На сегодняшний день отрицательное влияние на окружающую среду ощущается наиболее остро и принимает мировой характер, что может послужить причиной экологического кризиса. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена тем, что реализация программ корпоративной социальной ответственности компаний нефтегазовой отрасли оказывает ощутимое воздействие на устойчивое развитие общества в разных странах мира. Целью магистерской диссертации является оценка экологической ответственности предприятий нефтегазового сектора. В этой работе использованы следующие методы исследования: теоретический и эмпирический анализ, а также корреляционный анализ. Информационную базу исследования составили нефинансовая отчетность компании ПАО «Газпром-нефть» за 2015-2018 гг., которая опубликована на официальном сайте предприятия и статистические материалы ассоциации Российского союза промышленников и предпринимателей. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана методика оценки экологической ответственности предприятий, базирующаяся на использовании базовых индикаторов корпоративной социальной ответственности и отличающаяся введением индикаторов, учитывающих специфику деятельности нефтегазовых компаний в области охраны окружающей среды, что позволит разработать адекватную политику инвестирования в природоохранные объекты и обеспечить сопоставимость информации, как в российской, так и зарубежной практике нефинансовой отчетности. Такая информация может представлять существенный интерес и для потребителей продукции нефтегазовых компаний, и для инвесторов и кредитных организаций. Оценка экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора позволит оценить эффективность защиты окружающей среды, оценить эффективность ведения социально ответственного бизнеса в России и выявить наиболее важные экологические аспекты в деятельности компаний. Разработанная методика позволит получить объективную и сопоставимую информацию об уровне экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора, действующих в России, и масштаба воздействия их деятельности на окружающую среду. / Today, the negative impact on the environment is felt most acutely and takes on a global character, which may be the cause of the environmental crisis. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the implementation of corporate social responsibility programs for companies in the oil and gas industry has a tangible impact on the sustainable development of society in different countries of the world. The purpose of the master's thesis is to assess the environmental responsibility of enterprises in the oil and gas sector. In this work, the following research methods were used: theoretical and empirical analysis, as well as correlation analysis. The information base of the study was compiled by non-financial reports of PJSC Gazprom Neft for 2015-2018, which is published on the official website of the company and statistical materials of the association of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. During the writing of the master's thesis, a methodology for assessing the environmental responsibility of enterprises was developed, based on the use of basic indicators of corporate social responsibility and characterized by the introduction of indicators that take into account the specifics of the activities of oil and gas companies in the field of environmental protection, which will develop an adequate policy for investing in environmental objects and ensure comparability of information as in the Russian and foreign practice non-financial reporting. Such information may be of significant interest to consumers of oil and gas companies, and investors and credit organizations. Assessing the environmental responsibility of companies in the oil and gas sector will assess the effectiveness of environmental protection, assess the effectiveness of conducting socially responsible business in Russia and identify the most important environmental aspects in the activities of companies. The developed methodology will provide objective and comparable information on the level of environmental responsibility of oil and gas companies operating in Russia and the scale of the impact of their activities on the environment.

The application of environmental performance indicators (EPIs) has received increasing attention by both governments and international organisations as a tool for assessing complex environmental scenarios in national and local decision making processes. However, at the regional scale there is a gap in the application of EPIs, as this has not been well understood and defined due to a limited theoretical foundation and often insufficient data from all participant countries. The regional scale is important because it can incorporate natural ecosystems which often transcend national boundaries. A case study is developed for the Lower Mekong Subregion (LMS), where four riparian Southeast Asian countries (Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam) share the Lower Mekong River. The research proposes a conceptual framework to identify approaches for developing criteria for acceptable and appropriate EPIs which can be used to support and implement decision making processes by relevant organisations at the regional level. This research evaluates the application of environmental performance indicators using methodologies that assess cross-national quantitative and qualitative data and existing decision support systems. In addition, global and national indicators are examined for application and relation to the regional context. The research finds that the application of EPIs varies according to spatial scale, and is diverse among the four countries. Data availability is also identified as a major problem encountered during the development and selection of EPIs. The study finds that the governance of the existing regional body is ineffective due to differing agendas pursued by each participating country. This is because the current regional body is structured only to facilitate information exchange and cooperation in a limited manner, focusing so far only on water management issues. LMS regional goals need to be set in order to guide the stakeholders in identifying an appropriate set of EPIs. Most importantly, the research is intended to be a catalyst for encouraging the participants to integrate methods and other species of EPIs proposed in this research in their environmental assessment policies.