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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Studies on the storage stability and biological variation of glutathione peroxidase in blood cells and plasma.

January 1992 (has links)
Lo, Yun Chuen. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70). / Summary --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.2 / Methods --- p.6-15 / Subjects / Sample treatment / Protocol / "Equipment, reagents and assays" / Results --- p.15-58 / Technical aspects / Assay characteristics / Stability / Biological variation / Discussion --- p.58-68 / Acknowledgements --- p.68 / References --- p.69
2

Thermally reversible hydrogels for controlled drug delivery and enzyme immobilization /

Dong, Liang-Chang, January 1990 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1990. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [210]-222).
3

Structural basis of why thermophilic enzymes are more sluggish at moderate temperatures. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection

January 2008 (has links)
It has been observed that thermophilic enzymes are often more sluggish at lower temperatures but comparable active as their mesophilic homologues at their corresponding living temperatures. Although these thermophilic enzymes exhibit high structural stability, the increased stability leads to a decreased flexibility of the thermophilic enzymes in return. To yield further advances in analysis of the interrelationships between flexibility and activity of enzymes, also the molecular basis of enzyme adaptation, we used a pair of thermo-meso acylphosphatase homologues with high level of similarity isolated from hyperthermophilic archeaon Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhAcP) and human (HuAcP) as model to study this issue. Despite the fact that their active-site residues are highly conserved, activity (kcat) of PhAcP is remarkably reduced compared with HuAcP at low temperatures. Based on crystal structure comparison, an extra salt bridge was formed between active site residue and C-terminus of PhAcP. To examine the role of salt bridge plays in catalytic reaction of AcPs, we designed a mutant PhG91A to disrupt the salt bridge in thermophilic PhAcP. In parallel, a salt bridge was re-engineered into mesophilic HuAcP to create HuA99K. Interestingly, the thermophilic variant PhG91A exhibited a more mesophilic-like manner in terms of activity and thermodynamic parameters. On the contrary, mesophilic HuA99K displayed a more thermophilic-like character. This is supplemented by detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, revealing good qualitative agreement with experimental findings. Both theory and experiment results had provided evidences that the presence of a specific salt bridge is directly associated with the temperature adaptation of AcPs by reducing the catalytic site flexibility. / Lam, Yan. / Adviser: K. B. Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3364. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.
4

Structure determination of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii nucleoside kinase /

Arnfors, Linda. January 2005 (has links)
Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.
5

Structure determination, thermal stability and catalytic mechanism of hyperthermostable isocitrate dehydrogenases /

Karlström, Mikael, January 2006 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
6

Síntese de biodiesel através de transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais catalisada por lipase imobilizada por ligação covalente multipontual

Rodrigues, Rafael Costa January 2009 (has links)
Biodiesel consiste de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos produzidos pela transesterificação de triglicerídeos com álcoois de cadeia curta. Tradicionalmente, a reação ocorre na presença de catalisadores químicos, como álcalis ou ácidos. A utilização alternativa de lipases como biocatalisadores na reação de síntese do biodiesel não gera materiais residuais tóxicos, e o glicerol pode ser facilmente recuperado sem um processamento complexo. Neste trabalho estudou-se a síntese de biodiesel através da transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais e álcoois de cadeia curta catalisada pela lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). Primeiramente, as condições da reação de transesterificação, entre óleo de soja e etanol catalisada pela TLL em sua forma livre foram otimizadas através de planejamento experimental e da metodologia de superfície de resposta. A seguir, foram estudadas as condições para a reação catalisada pela TLL imobilizada comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM). Na etapa seguinte foram avaliados diferentes óleos vegetais (óleo de soja, óleo de girassol e óleo de arroz) e álcoois (metanol, etanol, propanol e butanol), na reação de transesterificação catalisada por três derivados enzimáticos comerciais de lipases de diferentes fontes (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozym 435, Lipozyme RMIM), onde se verificou que cada lipase apresentou uma especificidade diferente em relação ao álcool preferente para a reação de transesterificação. Além disso, a reação utilizando diferentes óleos vegetais apresentou resultados semelhantes, mostrando ser este um fator mais dependente do ponto de vista econômico que processual. Também se estudou diferentes tratamentos para melhorar o reuso da lipase imobilizada, onde a lavagem do derivado com n-hexano, após cada ciclo, manteve a atividade da lipase em torno de 90% da atividade inicial após sete ciclos. Prosseguindo, foi estudada a imobilização e estabilização da TLL através da ligação covalente multipontual em suporte glioxil-agarose. Para obter isto se procedeu a aminação química da superfície da enzima, o que permitiu a obtenção de um derivado com alto grau de imobilização e alta estabilidade quanto à inativação por temperatura e solventes orgânicos. A seguir avaliou-se a possibilidade de reativação de derivados submetidos a processos de inativação. Em um primeiro momento os estudos foram realizados com derivados de TLL imobilizada unipontualmente em agarose ativada com brometo de cianogênio, onde foi possível obter a reativação completa do derivado inativado por solventes orgânicos através de incubação em meio aquoso. Verificou-se também que um dos principais pontos que dificultam a reativação de lipases é a recuperação do mecanismo de abertura do lid, que é facilitado com a presença de detergentes. Logo, estudos de reativação com derivados imobilizados por ligação covalente multipontual, mostraram que este tipo de imobilização auxilia no processo de reativação por oferecer mais pontos de referência no momento da reativação. A etapa final deste trabalho foi a aplicação do derivado de TLL imobilizado multipontualmente em suportes glioxil na reação de síntese de biodiesel. Verificou-se que este derivado foi mais ativo que o derivado comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM) na reação de transesterificação entre etanol e óleo de soja, obtendo 100% de conversão nas condições previamente otimizadas com presença de nhexano no meio de reação. Porém, quando se realizou a reação em dois passos, isto é a adição do etanol em duas etapas, foi possível obter 100% de conversão em 10 h de reação em um meio sem solvente. / Biodiesel consists of fatty acids alkyl esters, produced by transesterification of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols. Traditionally, the reaction occurs in the presence of chemical catalysts, such as acid or alkali. The alternative use of lipases as biocatalysts in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel does not generate toxic waste material, and the glycerol can easily be recovered without complex processing. In this work it was studied the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils and short-chain alcohols catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). First, the conditions of transesterification reaction from soybean oil and ethanol catalyzed by TLL in its free form were optimized by experimental design and response surface methodology. Next, we studied the conditions for the reaction catalyzed by commercial immobilized TLL (Lipozyme TL-IM). In the next stage were evaluated some vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil and rice bran oil) and alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol) in the transesterification reaction catalyzed by three commercial enzyme preparations of lipases from different sources (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozymes 435, Lipozyme RM-IM), where it was found that each lipase presented a different specificity in relation to preferred alcohol for the reaction of transesterification. In addition, the reaction using different vegetable oils presented similar results, showing that it is more dependent on the economic than technical aspects. It was also studied different treatments to improve the reuse of immobilized lipase, where washing the derivative with n-hexane after each batch, showed the high stability of the system, with activities of 90 % still remaining after seven cycles. Thus, it was studied the immobilization and stabilization of TLL through covalent multipoint immobilization in glyoxyl-agarose support. For this procedure, a chemical amination of the enzyme surface, allowed obtaining a derivative with a high degree of immobilization and high stability for inactivation by temperature and organic solvents. Then, it was evaluated the possibility of reactivation of derivatives previously inactivated. At first, the studies were carried out for TLL mild immobilized in cyanogen bromide activated agarose, where it was able to fully reactivate the derivative inactivated by organic solvents through incubation in aqueous medium. It was also noted that one of the main points that difficult the reactivation of lipases is the recovery of the mechanism for lid opening, which is helped by the presence of detergents. So, studies of reactivation with derivatives immobilized by multipoint covalent attachment showed that this type of immobilization helps the reactivation process by offering more reference points at the moment of reactivation. The final step of this study was the application of the TLL derivative multipointly immobilized on glyoxyl supports in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel. It was found that this derivative was more active than the commercial derivative (Lipozyme TL-IM) in the transesterification reaction between ethanol and soybean oil, reaching 100% of yield conversion under the previously optimized conditions with the presence of n-hexane in the reaction medium. However, in the two stepwise ethanolysis it was possible to obtain 100% conversion in 10 h of reaction in a solvent-free system.
7

Structural studies of lumazine synthases - thermostability, catalytic mechanism and molecular assembly /

Zhang, Xiaofeng, January 2005 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning)--Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
8

Síntese de biodiesel através de transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais catalisada por lipase imobilizada por ligação covalente multipontual

Rodrigues, Rafael Costa January 2009 (has links)
Biodiesel consiste de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos produzidos pela transesterificação de triglicerídeos com álcoois de cadeia curta. Tradicionalmente, a reação ocorre na presença de catalisadores químicos, como álcalis ou ácidos. A utilização alternativa de lipases como biocatalisadores na reação de síntese do biodiesel não gera materiais residuais tóxicos, e o glicerol pode ser facilmente recuperado sem um processamento complexo. Neste trabalho estudou-se a síntese de biodiesel através da transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais e álcoois de cadeia curta catalisada pela lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). Primeiramente, as condições da reação de transesterificação, entre óleo de soja e etanol catalisada pela TLL em sua forma livre foram otimizadas através de planejamento experimental e da metodologia de superfície de resposta. A seguir, foram estudadas as condições para a reação catalisada pela TLL imobilizada comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM). Na etapa seguinte foram avaliados diferentes óleos vegetais (óleo de soja, óleo de girassol e óleo de arroz) e álcoois (metanol, etanol, propanol e butanol), na reação de transesterificação catalisada por três derivados enzimáticos comerciais de lipases de diferentes fontes (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozym 435, Lipozyme RMIM), onde se verificou que cada lipase apresentou uma especificidade diferente em relação ao álcool preferente para a reação de transesterificação. Além disso, a reação utilizando diferentes óleos vegetais apresentou resultados semelhantes, mostrando ser este um fator mais dependente do ponto de vista econômico que processual. Também se estudou diferentes tratamentos para melhorar o reuso da lipase imobilizada, onde a lavagem do derivado com n-hexano, após cada ciclo, manteve a atividade da lipase em torno de 90% da atividade inicial após sete ciclos. Prosseguindo, foi estudada a imobilização e estabilização da TLL através da ligação covalente multipontual em suporte glioxil-agarose. Para obter isto se procedeu a aminação química da superfície da enzima, o que permitiu a obtenção de um derivado com alto grau de imobilização e alta estabilidade quanto à inativação por temperatura e solventes orgânicos. A seguir avaliou-se a possibilidade de reativação de derivados submetidos a processos de inativação. Em um primeiro momento os estudos foram realizados com derivados de TLL imobilizada unipontualmente em agarose ativada com brometo de cianogênio, onde foi possível obter a reativação completa do derivado inativado por solventes orgânicos através de incubação em meio aquoso. Verificou-se também que um dos principais pontos que dificultam a reativação de lipases é a recuperação do mecanismo de abertura do lid, que é facilitado com a presença de detergentes. Logo, estudos de reativação com derivados imobilizados por ligação covalente multipontual, mostraram que este tipo de imobilização auxilia no processo de reativação por oferecer mais pontos de referência no momento da reativação. A etapa final deste trabalho foi a aplicação do derivado de TLL imobilizado multipontualmente em suportes glioxil na reação de síntese de biodiesel. Verificou-se que este derivado foi mais ativo que o derivado comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM) na reação de transesterificação entre etanol e óleo de soja, obtendo 100% de conversão nas condições previamente otimizadas com presença de nhexano no meio de reação. Porém, quando se realizou a reação em dois passos, isto é a adição do etanol em duas etapas, foi possível obter 100% de conversão em 10 h de reação em um meio sem solvente. / Biodiesel consists of fatty acids alkyl esters, produced by transesterification of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols. Traditionally, the reaction occurs in the presence of chemical catalysts, such as acid or alkali. The alternative use of lipases as biocatalysts in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel does not generate toxic waste material, and the glycerol can easily be recovered without complex processing. In this work it was studied the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils and short-chain alcohols catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). First, the conditions of transesterification reaction from soybean oil and ethanol catalyzed by TLL in its free form were optimized by experimental design and response surface methodology. Next, we studied the conditions for the reaction catalyzed by commercial immobilized TLL (Lipozyme TL-IM). In the next stage were evaluated some vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil and rice bran oil) and alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol) in the transesterification reaction catalyzed by three commercial enzyme preparations of lipases from different sources (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozymes 435, Lipozyme RM-IM), where it was found that each lipase presented a different specificity in relation to preferred alcohol for the reaction of transesterification. In addition, the reaction using different vegetable oils presented similar results, showing that it is more dependent on the economic than technical aspects. It was also studied different treatments to improve the reuse of immobilized lipase, where washing the derivative with n-hexane after each batch, showed the high stability of the system, with activities of 90 % still remaining after seven cycles. Thus, it was studied the immobilization and stabilization of TLL through covalent multipoint immobilization in glyoxyl-agarose support. For this procedure, a chemical amination of the enzyme surface, allowed obtaining a derivative with a high degree of immobilization and high stability for inactivation by temperature and organic solvents. Then, it was evaluated the possibility of reactivation of derivatives previously inactivated. At first, the studies were carried out for TLL mild immobilized in cyanogen bromide activated agarose, where it was able to fully reactivate the derivative inactivated by organic solvents through incubation in aqueous medium. It was also noted that one of the main points that difficult the reactivation of lipases is the recovery of the mechanism for lid opening, which is helped by the presence of detergents. So, studies of reactivation with derivatives immobilized by multipoint covalent attachment showed that this type of immobilization helps the reactivation process by offering more reference points at the moment of reactivation. The final step of this study was the application of the TLL derivative multipointly immobilized on glyoxyl supports in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel. It was found that this derivative was more active than the commercial derivative (Lipozyme TL-IM) in the transesterification reaction between ethanol and soybean oil, reaching 100% of yield conversion under the previously optimized conditions with the presence of n-hexane in the reaction medium. However, in the two stepwise ethanolysis it was possible to obtain 100% conversion in 10 h of reaction in a solvent-free system.
9

Directed evolution of amino acid dehydrogenases for biocatalysis of chiral amines

Hours, Raphaelle January 2018 (has links)
By applying the principles of Darwinian natural selection in the laboratory, directed evolution has become a powerful practical approach to study enzymes and optimize them to catalyze industrially relevant transformations. In this thesis, I applied this strategy to the engineering of amino acid dehydrogenases for biocatalysis of chiral amines, focusing on two crucial features for successful directed evolution experiments. A first key aspect is the development of technologies allowing the screening of large libraries of enzyme variants to explore sequence space efficiently. Massive scale-down of assay volumes by compartmentalization of library members in water-in-oil emulsions has recently led to the development of ultrahigh-throughput screening platforms that allow sorting of more than 106 variants per hour. So far, these microfluidic droplet sorters have relied exclusively on fluorescent readouts. To further extend the range of applications toward enzymes for which no fluorescent assays are available, I successfully developed a sorting module based on absorbance detection. Using this new module, microdroplets could be sorted based on an absorbance readout at rates of up to 1 million droplets per hour. To demonstrate the utility of this module for protein engineering, three rounds of directed evolution were performed to improve a poorly stable NAD+ dependent phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) toward its native substrate. Five hits showed increased activity (improved up to 10-fold in lysate; kcat increased >3.5-fold), soluble protein expression levels (>2.5-fold) and thermostability (Tm, 8 °C higher). To increase the sensitivity of the device (3–4 orders of magnitude lower than fluorescence assays) for detection of enzymes with limited stability and low turnovers, an extra step of growth in droplets from single cell encapsulation, followed by piconinection of substrates and lysis agents was implemented. As a result, a fivefold signal enhancement over background was achieved, for an amine dehydrogenase (AmDH) reaction shown to be undetectable in a droplet single cell assay. Second, I investigated how mutational robustness may correlate with protein stability and lead to successful hits after mutagenesis and screening. To examine this issue, I initially investigated various approaches (including ancestral resurrection and computational design) to identify stabilized PheDH variants. One such variant (dubbed Pross 4) showed increased expression levels (>3.3-fold) and thermostability (Tm, 13 °C higher) compared to the wild-type PheDH. I further compared the mutational tolerance and the hit rate between PheDH and Pross 4 by generating variant libraries focused on key active site residues and screening them for improved AmDH activity. The Pross 4 background generated 6.4 times more active variants than the PheDH background, the best hits displaying increased activity (up to 2.5-fold in lysate; kcat/KM increased up to 8-fold) compared to previously engineered AmDHs with the PheDH scaffold. In conclusion, this work highlights how directed evolution experiments could be designed for increased success rates, by combining reliable high-throughput screens with careful choice of evolutionary robust starting points.
10

Síntese de biodiesel através de transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais catalisada por lipase imobilizada por ligação covalente multipontual

Rodrigues, Rafael Costa January 2009 (has links)
Biodiesel consiste de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos produzidos pela transesterificação de triglicerídeos com álcoois de cadeia curta. Tradicionalmente, a reação ocorre na presença de catalisadores químicos, como álcalis ou ácidos. A utilização alternativa de lipases como biocatalisadores na reação de síntese do biodiesel não gera materiais residuais tóxicos, e o glicerol pode ser facilmente recuperado sem um processamento complexo. Neste trabalho estudou-se a síntese de biodiesel através da transesterificação enzimática de óleos vegetais e álcoois de cadeia curta catalisada pela lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). Primeiramente, as condições da reação de transesterificação, entre óleo de soja e etanol catalisada pela TLL em sua forma livre foram otimizadas através de planejamento experimental e da metodologia de superfície de resposta. A seguir, foram estudadas as condições para a reação catalisada pela TLL imobilizada comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM). Na etapa seguinte foram avaliados diferentes óleos vegetais (óleo de soja, óleo de girassol e óleo de arroz) e álcoois (metanol, etanol, propanol e butanol), na reação de transesterificação catalisada por três derivados enzimáticos comerciais de lipases de diferentes fontes (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozym 435, Lipozyme RMIM), onde se verificou que cada lipase apresentou uma especificidade diferente em relação ao álcool preferente para a reação de transesterificação. Além disso, a reação utilizando diferentes óleos vegetais apresentou resultados semelhantes, mostrando ser este um fator mais dependente do ponto de vista econômico que processual. Também se estudou diferentes tratamentos para melhorar o reuso da lipase imobilizada, onde a lavagem do derivado com n-hexano, após cada ciclo, manteve a atividade da lipase em torno de 90% da atividade inicial após sete ciclos. Prosseguindo, foi estudada a imobilização e estabilização da TLL através da ligação covalente multipontual em suporte glioxil-agarose. Para obter isto se procedeu a aminação química da superfície da enzima, o que permitiu a obtenção de um derivado com alto grau de imobilização e alta estabilidade quanto à inativação por temperatura e solventes orgânicos. A seguir avaliou-se a possibilidade de reativação de derivados submetidos a processos de inativação. Em um primeiro momento os estudos foram realizados com derivados de TLL imobilizada unipontualmente em agarose ativada com brometo de cianogênio, onde foi possível obter a reativação completa do derivado inativado por solventes orgânicos através de incubação em meio aquoso. Verificou-se também que um dos principais pontos que dificultam a reativação de lipases é a recuperação do mecanismo de abertura do lid, que é facilitado com a presença de detergentes. Logo, estudos de reativação com derivados imobilizados por ligação covalente multipontual, mostraram que este tipo de imobilização auxilia no processo de reativação por oferecer mais pontos de referência no momento da reativação. A etapa final deste trabalho foi a aplicação do derivado de TLL imobilizado multipontualmente em suportes glioxil na reação de síntese de biodiesel. Verificou-se que este derivado foi mais ativo que o derivado comercial (Lipozyme TL-IM) na reação de transesterificação entre etanol e óleo de soja, obtendo 100% de conversão nas condições previamente otimizadas com presença de nhexano no meio de reação. Porém, quando se realizou a reação em dois passos, isto é a adição do etanol em duas etapas, foi possível obter 100% de conversão em 10 h de reação em um meio sem solvente. / Biodiesel consists of fatty acids alkyl esters, produced by transesterification of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols. Traditionally, the reaction occurs in the presence of chemical catalysts, such as acid or alkali. The alternative use of lipases as biocatalysts in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel does not generate toxic waste material, and the glycerol can easily be recovered without complex processing. In this work it was studied the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils and short-chain alcohols catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). First, the conditions of transesterification reaction from soybean oil and ethanol catalyzed by TLL in its free form were optimized by experimental design and response surface methodology. Next, we studied the conditions for the reaction catalyzed by commercial immobilized TLL (Lipozyme TL-IM). In the next stage were evaluated some vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil and rice bran oil) and alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol) in the transesterification reaction catalyzed by three commercial enzyme preparations of lipases from different sources (Lipozyme TL-IM, Novozymes 435, Lipozyme RM-IM), where it was found that each lipase presented a different specificity in relation to preferred alcohol for the reaction of transesterification. In addition, the reaction using different vegetable oils presented similar results, showing that it is more dependent on the economic than technical aspects. It was also studied different treatments to improve the reuse of immobilized lipase, where washing the derivative with n-hexane after each batch, showed the high stability of the system, with activities of 90 % still remaining after seven cycles. Thus, it was studied the immobilization and stabilization of TLL through covalent multipoint immobilization in glyoxyl-agarose support. For this procedure, a chemical amination of the enzyme surface, allowed obtaining a derivative with a high degree of immobilization and high stability for inactivation by temperature and organic solvents. Then, it was evaluated the possibility of reactivation of derivatives previously inactivated. At first, the studies were carried out for TLL mild immobilized in cyanogen bromide activated agarose, where it was able to fully reactivate the derivative inactivated by organic solvents through incubation in aqueous medium. It was also noted that one of the main points that difficult the reactivation of lipases is the recovery of the mechanism for lid opening, which is helped by the presence of detergents. So, studies of reactivation with derivatives immobilized by multipoint covalent attachment showed that this type of immobilization helps the reactivation process by offering more reference points at the moment of reactivation. The final step of this study was the application of the TLL derivative multipointly immobilized on glyoxyl supports in the reaction of synthesis of biodiesel. It was found that this derivative was more active than the commercial derivative (Lipozyme TL-IM) in the transesterification reaction between ethanol and soybean oil, reaching 100% of yield conversion under the previously optimized conditions with the presence of n-hexane in the reaction medium. However, in the two stepwise ethanolysis it was possible to obtain 100% conversion in 10 h of reaction in a solvent-free system.

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