This study was conducted to compare the gizzard integrity between two broilers flocks, one under a no antibiotics ever (NAE) program and the other from a conventionally raised flock (CONV). One-hundred Ross 708 x Ross YPM broiler chickens from two flocks of the same company but raised under two distinct management systems were allocated for this study. At 1, 14, 28 and 42 days of age, birds from both flocks were received at the Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross and histopathologic evaluations of gizzard lesions and microbiological determinations of the gizzard mucosa were conducted and body and gizzard weights were recorded. Birds under both programs showed very similar growth rates, however gizzards were heavier in the birds under the CONV program. The birds under the NAE program had higher gross gizzard lesion scores at days 1, 14, 28 and 42, with statistical significance at day 42 (P<0.05). Histopathologically, the birds under the NAE program had greater gizzard lesion scores compared to the CONV flock at days 14 and 28, however no statistical significance was established. Escherichia coli was more frequently isolated from the birds under the CONV program. According to these observations, gross and microscopic gizzard lesions appeared to be more associated with the NAE program.

Recurrent corneal erosions are a common complication of superficial corneal wounds. They most commonly arise following a trauma, in association with various corneal dystrophies, or are idiopathic. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate two hereditary corneal diseases with recurrent erosions in order to find out if they had been described before, and more specifically to describe the clinical picture and the morphological changes, differentiate them from other known autosomal dominant corneal dystrophies with a clinical resemblance, and to exclude genetic linkage to known corneal dystrophies with autosomal-dominant inheritance and a clinical resemblance. The thesis is based on two families of subjects belonging to different phenotypes. The subjects from Småland (Dystrophia Smolandiensis) belonged to a six-generation family, which included 171 individuals of whom 44 were affected individuals, and the family from Hälsingland (Dystrophia Helsinglandica) included sevengenerations of 342 individuals, of whom 84 were affected. The individuals in both families were investigated by collection of medical history through medical records and questionnaires assessing different aspects of the diseases, pedigree analysis, and from clinical examination. Haplotype analysis was used to exclude genetic linkage of both diseases to known autosomal-dominant corneal dystrophies with a clinical resemblance. The morphological changes in Dystrophia Smolandiensis were investigated by examining affected individuals with in-vivo confocal microscopy and/or slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and examining corneal tissue samples using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In Dystrophia Helsinglandica, the morphological changes were described using in-vivo confocal microscopy and/or slit-lamp biomicroscopy, but also using videokeratography and corneal sensitivity measurement. The main results were the findings of two new corneal disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance, characterized by recurrent corneal erosions. In Dystrophia Smolandiensis the symptoms often started within the first year of life. The number of recurrences per year was highest from the onset and for about 30-40 years, and the duration of recurrence could stretch up to 21 days. The frequency of recurrences was variable in the disease from continuous symptoms to once a year and tended to decrease later in life. The risk of having recurrences did not disappear completely with age. Typical precipitating factors of recurrence were draught and a common cold. About two thirds of the affected individuals responded well to oral vitamin B treatment, but no other therapy has so far been successful. In Dystrophia Smolandiensis development of corneal opacifications or secondary scarring of varying type and degree was seen in about half of the subjects. Opacifications were first noted at the age of about 7 years, but usually first seen at the age of 20-40 years. Corneal grafting was performed in nine individuals, and recurrences were seen in all grafts. The corneal buttons showed epithelial hyperplasia, partial or total loss of Bowman’s layer, and subepithelial fibrosis in the light microscope. The deeper stroma, Descement’s membrane, and endothelium were normal. Confocal microscopy confirmed loss of Bowman’s layer and revealed that the corneal nerves either were normal in their sub-basal plexa or showed signs of regeneration. None of the morphological findings were specific. We believe that the opacifications are reactive corneal changes to repeated erosive events. The onset in Dystrophia Helsinglandica was usually at the age of 4-7 years and late-developing subepithelial fibrosis not significantly affecting visual acuity was seen in all affected individuals over the age of 37 years. The number of recurrences per year was highest from the onset and for about 20-30 years, and the duration of recurrence was usually up to about a week. The frequency of recurrences tended to decrease in the disease with increasing age, but did not cease completely. The precipitating factor of recurrence was typically a minor trauma. No therapy has so far been successful in the family. The corneal changes of affected individuals were classified into different stages from a nearly normal cornea to progressive fairly discrete subepithelial fibrosis of the central cornea. Discrete localized Subepithelial fibrosis in the periphery or mid-periphery (stage I) was the sole finding in 12% of the individuals. A more widespread subepithelial fibrosis, mainly in the mid-periphery, was found in 31% of the individuals (stage II). In stage III, the subepithelial fibrosis engaged the central cornea but did not affect the vision to a significant degree. In late phases of stage III small jellylike corneal irregularities could be seen. We believe that the opacifications are reactive changes to repeated erosive events. In conclusion this thesis describes two new corneal disorders – Dystrophia Smolandiensis and Dystrophia Helsinglandica.

La contribution, dans le cycle supergène, du carbone organique fossile (COF), issu de l’érosion des roches sédimentaires, est aujourd’hui une inconnue majeure du cycle du carbone. Le présent travail, initié dans le cadre du GIS Draix "étude de l'érosion en montagne », s'est intéressé au devenir de la matière organique contenue dans les "terres noires" (marnes jurassiques) des bassins versants de Draix (Alpes de haute Provence, France). Ceci a nécessité : - la mise en évidence de la contribution de COF au sein des compartiments supergènes (sols, particules fluviatiles, altérites) à travers une approche pluri-analytique (investigations géochimiques, optiques, isotopiques). - l’estimation de la part de COF disparue lors de son transfert d’un compartiment à un autre obtenue grâce au développement d’une nouvelle méthode analytique (palynofacies quantitatif) et en couplant approches terrain et expérimentale. - l’estimation et la modélisation des flux de COF libérés par les altérations mécaniques et chimiques des terres noires à l’échelle des bassins étudiés. Les résultats obtenus permettent : - 1) de confirmer la résistance du COF, dont les pertes n’excèdent pas 30 % et ne concernent que la part libérée par l’altération chimique; - 2) de rappeler la pluralité du COF, dont les familles réagissent différemment face aux différents types d’altérations ; - 3) de hiérarchiser les facteurs contrôlant les flux de COF (couvert végétal, pentes, précipitations) ; - 4) de mettre en évidence l’importance du COF libéré, exprimé en t/ha/an, par les « terres noires » aux échelles locales et régionales. / Initiated within the framework of GIS Draix « mountains erosion study), this work relates to the debate on the fossil organic carbon (FOC) input in modern environments and its possible implications for the carbon cycle. It focuses on the fate of FOC released by of jurassic marls weathering occuring in Draix watersheds (Alpes de haute Provence, France). Such work needed to : - confirm FOC occurrence both in weathered rocks, soils and riverine particles (multi-analytical approach); - quantify FOC losses during pools transitions by using a new analytical method (quantitative palynofacies) and combining field and experimental investigations; - estimate and model FOC fluxes released both by chemical and mechanical weathering in the studied watersheds. Obtained results permit us to : - point out FOC resistance to weathering processes. FOC losses only occur during chemical one and do not exceed 30 %. - highlight fossil organic matter plurality composed with labile and refractory components ; - hierarchize fluxes controlling factors such as vegetal cover, slope,and precipitations ; - emphasize FOC fluxes importance, expressed in t/ha/y, released by jurassic marls weathering at local and regional scales.

Submitted by Alessandro Donaire de Santana null (aledonaire@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T00:27:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Santana_A_D_.pdf: 12671729 bytes, checksum: 1993bf7f45adecf1d5e866d110aa5536 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T20:22:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_ad_me_prud.pdf: 12671729 bytes, checksum: 1993bf7f45adecf1d5e866d110aa5536 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T20:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_ad_me_prud.pdf: 12671729 bytes, checksum: 1993bf7f45adecf1d5e866d110aa5536 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Ao longo da história, as dinâmicas das sociedades provocaram a degradação acelerada dos recursos naturais, sendo as erosões um dos mais graves impactos materializados no espaço geográfico. No Brasil, as características de exploração geoeconômica, associadas às características pedoclimáticas, provocam o avanço das erosões. O Oeste Paulista apresenta alta suscetibilidade à ocorrência desses processos, em virtude da agropecuária praticada sobre solos com característica textural predominantemente arenosa. Por isso, a necessidade da adoção de estratégias que possibilitem a recuperação ou minimização das erosões. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal analisar as transformações do espaço geográfico a partir do estudo das erosões presentes no noroeste do município de Regente Feijó/SP, viabilizando a implantação de técnica de controle de erosões em uma propriedade rural, possibilitando a articulação entre teoria e prática na minimização de seus impactos negativos no espaço rural. Para tanto, o trabalho foi realizado em parceria com um casal de agricultores familiares, cujos saberes contribuíram para a compreensão daquela realidade geográfica. Assim, a técnica, adaptada da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), consistiu na implementação de paliçadas feitas com materiais como bambus, madeiras e sacarias preenchidas com terra, posicionadas em sulcos e ravinas formados em um terraço rompido em área de pastagem. As paliçadas foram monitoradas por dezenove meses por meio da técnica das estacas graduadas (GUERRA, 2002). Também foram coletadas amostras dos sedimentos retidos a montante das paliçadas para realizar granulometria e fracionamento (EMBRAPA, 1997). Apesar do trânsito bovino na área, os resultados das estacas graduadas mostraram que as paliçadas retiveram considerável parcela de sedimentos durante as precipitações, além de permitir o desenvolvimento da gramínea Brachiaria decumbens, que funciona como uma barreira natural. A análise granulométrica dos sedimentos apontou mais de 80% de areia na sua composição, constituídas de areias finas e muito finas (entre 65% e 82% - fracionamento). Essas análises revelam a fragilidade dos solos da propriedade, dedicada à criação de gado de engorda, mas que tem um histórico de uso da terra marcado pela adoção de práticas agropecuárias inadequadas, o que provocou o avanço das erosões e, consequentemente, a adoção de estratégias de controle por parte dos agricultores: recomposição da mata ciliar dos córregos que perpassam a propriedade, bem como a recuperação de voçorocas e ravinas, deixando se recompor a vegetação. O avanço da pesquisa permitiu, ainda, desenvolver uma parceria com a Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral (CATi), que implementou um projeto para recuperar uma voçoroca na propriedade; esta foi aterrada e guarnecida a montante com bacias de contenção e terraços. Os agricultores cercaram a área para impedir o trânsito do gado e semearam a terra com sementes de gramíneas. Apesar da alteração da paisagem, os resultados preliminares mostraram que a intervenção foi adequada. Portanto, a Geografia pode contribuir para criar estratégias para enfrentar os mais diversos problemas ambientais. Porém, deve estar aberta ao “diálogo de saberes”, valorizando o saber popular que, em conjunção com o saber acadêmico, pode desenvolver ações que minimizem os impactos negativos causados pela humanidade na produção do espaço geográfico. / Throughout history, the dynamics of society have accelerated the degradation of natural resources, and erosions are one of the most serious impacts in geographic space. In Brazil, the characteristics of geo-economic exploration associated with pedoclimatic characteristics have led to the increase in erosion. The western region of São Paulo State has a high susceptibility to the occurrence of such processes due to agricultural practices being performed on soils with predominantly sandy textural characteristics. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies enabling the recovery or minimization of erosion. The main objective of this research was to analyze geographic space transformations based on the investigation of erosions in the northwestern area of Regente Feijó, São Paulo. The application of erosion control techniques in a rural property allows articulation between theory and practice in minimizing their negative impacts on rural areas. The study was conducted in partnership with a couple of family farmers whose knowledge contributed to the understanding of geographical reality. The technique was based on the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), and consisted of the implementation of palisades made with materials such as bamboos, woods, and bags filled with sand in furrows and ravines set up on a broken terrace in a pasture area. Palisades were monitored for 19 months using the graduated stakes technique reported by Guerra (2002). Samples were collected from sediments that were retained upstream of palisades to calculate granulometry and fractionation (EMBRAPA, 1997). Although there was cattle traffic in the area, results from graduated stakes showed that palisades retained a considerable amount of sediments during precipitation and allowed the development of the grass Brachiaria decumbens, which acts as a natural barrier. The granulometric analysis of sediments showed more than 80% of sand in its composition, containing fine and very fine sand (between 65% and 82%). These analyses revealed soil fragility, which has been used to raise cattle for fattening, with a history of land use marked by the adoption of inadequate agricultural practices. These characteristics led to erosion and, therefore, the adoption of control strategies by farmers: restoration of the ciliary forest of streams crossing the rural property and recovery of gullies and ravines, allowing the vegetation recovery. Advances in research have also enabled a partnership with the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATi), which implemented a project to recover a gully in the property that was grounded and trimmed upstream with containment basins and terraces. Farmers surrounded the area to stop cattle traffic and sowed the land with grass seeds. Despite landscape transformation, preliminary results showed that the intervention was adequate. Geography can help when it comes to creating strategies to face different environmental problems. However, it should be open to the “dialogue of knowledge”, respecting the common knowledge that together with academic knowledge, we can develop actions to minimize negative impacts caused by humans in the production of geographic space. / A lo largo de la historia, las dinámicas de las sociedades provocaron la degradación acelerada de los recursos naturales, siendo las erosiones uno de los más graves impactos materializados en el espacio geográfico. En Brasil, las características de explotación geoeconómica, asociadas a las características pedoclimáticas, provocan el avance de las erosiones. El oeste del Estado de São Paulo presenta una alta susceptibilidad a la ocurrencia de esos procesos, en virtud de la agropecuaria practicada sobre suelos con característica textural predominantemente arenosa. Por eso, hay la necesidad de la adopción de estrategias que posibiliten la recuperación o minimización de las erosiones. En este sentido, esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar las transformaciones del espacio geográfico a partir del estudio de las erosiones presentes en el noroeste de la municipalidad de Regente Feijó, Estado de São Paulo, viabilizando la implantación de la técnica de control de erosiones en una propiedad rural, posibilitando la articulación entre teoría y práctica en la minimización de sus impactos negativos en el espacio rural. El trabajo se realizó en asociación con una pareja de agricultores familiares, cuyos conocimientos contribuyeron a la comprensión de esa realidad geográfica. Así, la técnica, adaptada de la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), consistió en la implementación de barreras hechas con materiales como bambú, maderas y sacos llenos de tierra, colocados en surcos y quebradas formados en una terraza rota en un área de pastoreo. Las barreras fueron monitoreadas durante diecinueve meses por medio de la técnica de las estacas graduadas (GUERRA, 2002). También se tomaron muestras de los sedimentos retenidos por encima de las barreras para realizar granulometría y fraccionamiento (EMBRAPA, 1997). A pesar del tránsito bovino en el área, los resultados de las estacas graduadas mostraron que las barreras conservaron considerable parte de los sedimentos durante las precipitaciones, además de permitir el desarrollo de la gramínea Brachiaria decumbens, que funciona como una barrera natural. El análisis granulométrico de los sedimentos dio como resultado más del 80% de arena en su composición, constituidas de arenas finas y muy finas (entre el 65% y el 82% - fraccionamiento). Estos análisis revelan la fragilidad de los suelos de la propiedad, dedicada a la creación de ganado de engorde, pero que tiene un historial de uso de la tierra que provocó el avance de las erosiones y, consecuentemente, la adopción de estrategias de control por parte de los agricultores: recomposición de la mata ciliar de los arroyos que atraviesan la propiedad y recuperación de quebradas, dejando que se recomponga la vegetación. La investigación permitió, además, desarrollar una alianza con la Coordinadora de Asistencia Técnica Integral (CATi), que implementó un proyecto para recuperar una quebrada en la propiedad; ésta fue puesta a tierra y arriba, para su protección, fueron construidas cuencas de contención y terrazas. Los agricultores rodearon el área para impedir el tránsito del ganado y sembraron la tierra con semillas de gramíneas. A pesar de la alteración del paisaje, los resultados preliminares mostraron que la intervención fue adecuada. Por lo tanto, la geografía puede contribuir a crear estrategias para enfrentar los más diversos problemas ambientales. Sin embargo, debe estar abierta al "diálogo de saberes", valorizando el saber popular que, en conjunción con el saber académico, puede desarrollar acciones que minimicen los impactos negativos causados en el espacio geográfico. / FAPESP: 2014/20850-1

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the feet in up to 90% of patients, and can result in bone erosions. Little is known about disease activity at the metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs). Magnetic resonance imaging is used to visualize erosions, but does not provide quantification. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) allows for differentiation between bone layers and quantifies volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD). We used a peripheral QCT (pQCT) scanner in MTPJs 2-5 in RA patients to determine reliability of a pQCT protocol, and then we determined the variability in vBMD between RA patients and controls. Patients (n=25) diagnosed with RA (2010 ACR criteria) were recruited from an academic Rheumatology clinic. Controls (n=27) were also recruited and matched for sex, age and ethnicity. Baseline MR data demonstrated that 80%, 64%, 40% and 20% of patients had erosions at MTPJs 2-5, respectively. One year later, MTPJs 2-5 were scanned using pQCT (XCT 2000); 2 transaxial slices were acquired per joint. A trained pQCT operator acquired 2 scans per participant with repositioning. Test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed blindly for total and cortical subcortical densities (mg/cm3). Reliability was reported as root mean square coefficients of variation (%RMSCV) and RMS standard deviation (RMSSD). The mean (SD) age and disease duration were 57.8 (10.2) years and 5.0 (0.9) years, respectively. Test-retest reliability was better for MTPJs 2 and 3, than MTPJs 4 and 5. Inter- and intra-rater reliability demonstrated high reproducibility. Total and cortical subcortical vBMD appeared lower in RA patients than controls. We have reliably determined vBMD using pQCT in MTPJs 2 and 3 in RA patients. The lower vBMD in MTPJ 3 suggests that RA patients may have true erosions at this joint. This research is in the early phases, but we hope to explore the correspondence between pQCT and other RA assessment tools. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects joints in the hands and feet. The bones of these joints are affected by periarticular bone loss leading to bone erosions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray are used to visualize erosions. Since erosions are characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) leading to holes in the bone, we tested the reliability of a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scanner, to measure volumetric BMD (vBMD) in 25 RA patients and compared vBMD to healthy controls. The vBMD measures appeared lower in RA patients than healthy individuals in some joints. As well, there was agreement between bone erosions detected by MRI and reduced vBMD measured by pQCT. Although we could not monitor the change over time, we are hopeful that this scanner will be able to better characterize RA disease activity, with vBMD as a surrogate marker for erosion presence.

Submitted by Ronaldo Natalino Ciciliato CICILIATO (ronaldociciliato_eco@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-26T01:53:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL ARQUIVAMENTO SISTEMA UNESP...25 de julho 2016 CICILIATO,RN..PDF: 25946096 bytes, checksum: 908b1b1548892d4d40414309e085990a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T12:50:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ciciliato_rn_dr_prud.pdf: 25946096 bytes, checksum: 908b1b1548892d4d40414309e085990a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T12:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ciciliato_rn_dr_prud.pdf: 25946096 bytes, checksum: 908b1b1548892d4d40414309e085990a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Este trabalho analisou os impactos socioambientais provocados pela construção da hidrelétrica de Capivara ou Engenharia Mackenzie no Rio Paranapanema, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Desde a formação do reservatório da hidrelétrica de Capivara em 1977, grandes transformações ocorreram no entorno do lago. Embora apresentasse pequena concentração populacional e relativa distância dos grandes centros urbanos, que provocassem maiores impactos ambientais, apresentou à formação de penínsulas, de áreas alagadas, lagoas marginais, várzeas, alagamento de remanescentes de vegetação primitiva, além de um processo de ocupação irregular em suas margens. A evolução da agricultura na região da tradicional cafeicultura para as culturas comerciais da soja, trigo e milho e cana de açúcar, levou esses cultivos a serem praticados junto às áreas de alagamento do lago de Capivara, acelerando os processos erosivos dos solos, assoreamento, lixiviação, além da descarga de agroquímicos carregados pelas chuvas diretamente nas águas do lago. Foram realizados estudos de campo, tanto em terra como com a navegação de áreas de difícil acesso, onde foram identificadas erosões marginais de grande impacto devido à ocupação irregular de Áreas de Preservação Permanente pela pecuária, construções irregulares, loteamentos, ranchos de lazer e atividades ligadas ao turismo balneário. Os dados levantados nesta pesquisa indicaram haver mudanças e transformações na paisagem regional, sobretudo nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente, devido à reconfiguração das margens do Rio Paranapanema, entre os Estados de São Paulo e Paraná. A partir disso pode- se afirmar que há a necessidade de atuação do poder público visando à adequação dos usos e da ocupação das áreas de influência direta do reservatório de Capivara, no rio Paranapanema, buscando minimizar e manter, do ponto de vista ambiental, a biodiversidade, os solos, a água e seu uso econômico racional. / This study analyzed the environmental impacts caused by the construction of hydroelectric Capybara or Mackenzie Engineering in Rio Paranapanema, São Paulo, Brazil. Since the formation of Capivara hydroelectric reservoir in 1977, great changes occurred in the vicinity of the lake. Though having small population density and relative distance from large urban centers, which provoked major environmental impacts, presented to the formation of peninsulas of wetlands, lagoons, floodplains, remnants of flooding of primitive vegetation, and an irregular settlement process in their margins. The development of agriculture in the traditional coffee growing region for commercial soybean, wheat and corn and sugar cane, took these crops to be carried along the flooded areas of Capybara lake, accelerating the erosion of soil, silting, leaching in addition to the agrochemical discharge carried by rain directly on the lake waters. Field studies were carried out, both on land and in the navigation areas of difficult access, where marginal erosions of great impact were identified due to the illegal occupation of Permanent Preservation Areas in livestock, irregular buildings, housing developments, leisure ranches and related activities the spa tourism. The data collected in this study indicated that there shifts and changes in the regional landscape, particularly in Permanent Preservation Areas, due to the reconfiguration of the Paranapanema River banks, between the states of São Paulo and Paraná. From this it can be stated that there is need for action of public authorities to the suitability of the use and occupation of areas of direct influence of the Capivara reservoir on the river Paranapanema, seeking to minimize and maintain the environmental point of view, biodiversity, soil, water and their rational economic use.