Low levels of learner performance in Mathematics in the Senior Phase (Grades 7-9) in South Africa is often attributed to insufficient mathematics content knowledge among teachers. Although this view might be justifiable, it is often incorrect to assume that content knowledge alone will solve the problem of low performance in mathematics. This study, therefore, argues that understanding learner misconceptions and/or errors and their underlying intricacies could provide the basis for instructional decision making, subsequently improved performance in mathematics. The purpose of the study was to explore the implications of teachers’ understanding of learner errors for mathematics learning. The study was guided by qualitative methods using a case study design which involved data collection from two schools, followed by in-depth data analysis. Two theoretical lenses, namely, Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) and Constructivist theory were used to explore the main research question: What are the implications of the teachers’ understanding of learner errors on the learning of school mathematics in the Senior Phase (specifically Grade 9)? Data was collected through lesson observations, analysis of learners’ test responses and interviews. The findings revealed that teachers’ understanding of learner errors from written responses differed notably from intricacies of same errors emanating from interviewing the learners as well as the same errors analysed by the researcher. The implications of these findings suggest the likelihood of a mismatch between teachers’ instructional decision making and learner misconception/errors and this may hamper effective learning of mathematics. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / MEd / Unrestricted