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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Error-Tolerant Coding and the Genetic Code

Gutfraind, Alexander January 2006 (has links)
The following thesis is a project in mathematical biology building upon the so-called "error minimization hypothesis" of the genetic code. After introducing the biological context of this hypothesis, I proceed to develop some relevant information-theoretic ideas, with the overall goal of studying the structure of the genetic code. I then apply the newfound understanding to an important question in the debate about the origin of life, namely, the question of the temperatures in which the genetic code, and life in general, underwent their early evolution. <br /><br /> The main advance in this thesis is a set of methods for calculating the primordial evolutionary pressures that shaped the genetic code. These pressures are due to genetic errors, and hence the statistical properties of the errors and of the genome are imprinted in the statistical properties of the code. Thus, by studying the code it is possible to reconstruct, to some extent, the primordial error rates and the composition of the primordial genome. In this way, I find evidence that the fixation of the genetic code occurred in organisms which were not thermophiles.
2

Error-Tolerant Coding and the Genetic Code

Gutfraind, Alexander January 2006 (has links)
The following thesis is a project in mathematical biology building upon the so-called "error minimization hypothesis" of the genetic code. After introducing the biological context of this hypothesis, I proceed to develop some relevant information-theoretic ideas, with the overall goal of studying the structure of the genetic code. I then apply the newfound understanding to an important question in the debate about the origin of life, namely, the question of the temperatures in which the genetic code, and life in general, underwent their early evolution. <br /><br /> The main advance in this thesis is a set of methods for calculating the primordial evolutionary pressures that shaped the genetic code. These pressures are due to genetic errors, and hence the statistical properties of the errors and of the genome are imprinted in the statistical properties of the code. Thus, by studying the code it is possible to reconstruct, to some extent, the primordial error rates and the composition of the primordial genome. In this way, I find evidence that the fixation of the genetic code occurred in organisms which were not thermophiles.
3

Sustainable Investment Strategies : A Quantitative Evaluation of Sustainable Investment Strategies For Index Funds

Erikmats, John, Sjösten, Johan January 2019 (has links)
Modern society is faced with the complex and intractable challenge of global warming, along with other environmental issues that could potentially alter our way of life if not managed properly. Is it possible that financial markets and equity investors could have a huge part to play in the transformation towards a greener and more sustainable world? Previous studies about investment strategies regarding sustainability have for the most part been centered around possibly less objective ESG-scores or around carbon and GHG-emissions only, with little or no consideration for water usage and waste management. This thesis aims to amend to the previous work on carbon reducing strategies and ESG-investing with the addition of water usage and waste management, especically using raw data of these measures instead of ESG-ratings. Index replicating portfolios have become more and more popular as it proves harder and harder to beat the index, offering good returns along with cheap and uncomplicated portfolio construction and management. In a trending market, the fear of missing out and the demand for market return can make an index replicating strategy a way for investors to have market exposure but still remain diversied and without confusion about which horses to bet on. This thesis studies the relationship between tracking-error and the increase of sustainability in a portfolio through reduction of the intensity of carbon emissions, water usages and poor waste management. To be able to make a fair comparison, these measures are normalized by dividing each measure by the reported annual revenue. These three obtained intensities are then implemented individually, as well as all together into index replicating portfolios in order to study the effect from decreasing them. First and foremost we study the effect on the tracking-error, but also the effects on returns and volatility. We also study the effect on liquidity and turnover in the portfolios to show that it is possible to implement extensive sustainability increasing methods into an index replication equity portfolio. We follow the UCITS-directory to avoid overweightin specic companies and only allow the portfolios to overweight a sector with maximum 2%, in order to avoid an unwanted exposure to sectors with naturally lower intensities. The portfolios are obtained by using a multi-factor risk model to predict the expected statistical behaviour in relation to the chosen factors. Followed by applying Markowitz Modern Portfolio Theory through a convex optimization problem with the objective function to minimize tracking-error. All displayed portfolios had stable and convex optimization and were compliant with the UCITS-directory. We limited our study to only North American stocks and chose the index "MCSI NA" to replicate. Only stocks that were a part of the index were allowed to invest in and we did not allow negative weights for any stocks. The portfolios were constructed and backtested for the period 2014-12-01 until 2019-03-01 with rebalancing quarterly at the same points in time that the index is rebalanced by MCSI. We found that it was possible to implement extensive sustainability considerations into the portfolios and still keep a high correlation with the index whilst keeping low tracking-errors. We believe that most index replicating investors should be able to implement reductions of above mentioned intensities of about 40-60% without compromising tracking-errors,returns and volatility too much. We found evidence that during this time and in this market our low-intensities portfolios would have overperformed the index. We also found that returns increased and volatility decreased as we increased the reduction of each individual measure and all three collectively. Reducing carbon intensity seemed to drive positive returns and lower volatility the most, but we also observed apositive effect from reduction of all intensities. Our belief before conducting this study was that sustainability should have a negative effect on returns due to the limitation of the feasible area of investing. This motivated us to build portfolios with intent to makeup for these lesser returns and hopefully "beat the index". This failed in almost all cases and the only way we were able to beat the index were through implementing sustainability in our portfolios.
4

Entwurf Modellprädiktiver Regelungen in der Gebäudetechnik auf Basis datengetriebener Modelle

Paschke, Fabian 04 May 2023 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit datengetriebenen Modellierungsansätzen in der Gebäudetechnik zum Zweck des Entwurfs modellprädiktiver Regler. Dabei widmet sich der erste Teil (Kapitel 2 und 3) im Wesentlichen den theoretischen Grundlagen der Systemidentifikation wohingegen im zweiten Teil (Kapitel 4 bis 6) praktische Anwendungen der Identifikation sowie die Implementierung modellprädiktiver Regler im Gebäudebereich im Vordergrund stehen. Die Grundlage der Arbeit stellt die Systemidentifikation mittels der Prädiktionsfehlerminimierung (Prediction Error Minimization – PEM) dar, deren Basis stochastische Modelle dynamischer Systeme bilden. Daher wird ausgehend von den unterschiedlichen Darstellungsformen stochastischer linearer zeitinvarianter Systeme (LTI-Systeme) die Problematik der optimalen Prädiktion thematisiert, wobei ein allgemeiner Ausdruck zur Berechnung der Mehrschrittprädiktion von LTI-Systemen hergeleitet wird. Anschließend werden Implementierungsaspekte von Mehr- bzw. Multischritt-PEM-Verfahren diskutiert und der Schätzer im Frequenzbereich analysiert, wobei sich verglichen mit der 1-Schritt-PEM eine erwartungsgemäß andere Wichtung des geschätzten Modells im Frequenzbereich ergibt. Die aus diesen Untersuchungen gewonnen Identifizierbarkeitsbedingungen entsprechen im offenen Regelkreis den bekannten Bedingungen der 1-Schritt-PEM, wohingegen sich im geschlossenen Regelkreis eine restriktivere Bedingung ergibt. Die weiterhin durchgeführte Genauigkeitsanalyse führt letztlich zu einem Ausdruck für die Abschätzung der Schätzfehlerkovarianzmatrix der Modellparameter, welche wiederum für die Varianz- bzw. Konfidenzschätzung anderer Systemmerkmale genutzt werden kann. In der Gebäudetechnik spielen nichtlineare Modellansätze eine wichtige Rolle. Für diese ist die explizite Berechnung der optimalen Prädiktion, und damit eine Identifikation mittels PEM, in der Regel problematisch bzw. nicht möglich. In der Arbeit werden daher zwei nichtlineare Modellstrukturen vorgeschlagen, für welche entsprechende Ausdrücke angegeben werden können, sodass eine direkte Anwendung der PEM ermöglicht wird. Dabei hat sich im Anwendungsteil der Arbeit herausgestellt, dass einer dieser Ansätze sinnvoll in der Gebäudetechnik genutzt werden kann. Aufgrund der Ähnlichkeit zum linearen Fall können zudem die Ideen, die typischerweise für die Parametrierung stochastischer LTI Systeme genutzt werden, auf den nichtlinearen Fall übertragen werden. Im Anwendungsteil der Arbeit wird dann die Nutzung der PEM im Gebäudebereich anhand praktisch aufgenommener Messdaten einiger Demonstratoren veranschaulicht. Es werden Modell- und Identifikationsansätze für die Schätzung von thermischen Raummodellen sowie einer Gastherme und einer Wärmepumpe vorgeschlagen, wobei plausible Identifikationsergebnisse erzielt werden konnten. Weiterhin wird im Rahmen der Identifikation von thermischen Raummodellen auch auf die wichtige Problematik nicht messbarer Störungen (z. B. Raumbelegung sowie Wärmeströme aus Nachbarräumen) eingegangen und mögliche Lösungsansätze aufgezeigt. Aufgrund der umfangreichen Sensorausstattung einiger Demonstratoren konnte zudem ein direkter Vergleich eines LTI-Modells mit dem obig genannten nichtlinearen Modellansatz durchgeführt werden, wobei eine vergleichbare Prädiktionsgüte beider Modellierungsansätze festgestellt wurde. Im letzten Teil wird dann der Entwurf modellprädiktiver Regler anhand zweier typischer Beispiele aus der Gebäudetechnik veranschaulicht. Für die Demonstration des Vorgehens werden Regelstreckenmodelle mittels der Modelica Buildings Bibliothek entworfen und dann für die Generierung synthetischer Daten verwendet, welche zur Identifikation von Modellen für den MPC Entwurf verwendet werden. Die identifizierten Modelle sind in beiden Fällen in der Lage das dynamische Verhalten des Modelica Prozessmodells hinreichend gut vorherzusagen, was die Sinnhaftigkeit des gewählten Modellierungs- bzw. Identifikationsansatzes untermauert. Aufbauend wird dann für beide Beispiele auf die Formulierung einer prädiktiven Regelungsstrategie eingegangen, wobei spezielle Modelleigenschaften ausgenutzt werden. Für beide Beispiele konnten simulativ Vorteile gegenüber einer konventionellen Regelungsstrategie nachgewiesen werden.
5

Channel Modeling Applied to Robust Automatic Speech Recognition

Sklar, Alexander Gabriel 01 January 2007 (has links)
In automatic speech recognition systems (ASRs), training is a critical phase to the system?s success. Communication media, either analog (such as analog landline phones) or digital (VoIP) distort the speaker?s speech signal often in very complex ways: linear distortion occurs in all channels, either in the magnitude or phase spectrum. Non-linear but time-invariant distortion will always appear in all real systems. In digital systems we also have network effects which will produce packet losses and delays and repeated packets. Finally, one cannot really assert what path a signal will take, and so having error or distortion in between is almost a certainty. The channel introduces an acoustical mismatch between the speaker's signal and the trained data in the ASR, which results in poor recognition performance. The approach so far, has been to try to undo the havoc produced by the channels, i.e. compensate for the channel's behavior. In this thesis, we try to characterize the effects of different transmission media and use that as an inexpensive and repeatable way to train ASR systems.

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