This is a literature review article. The purpose of this article is to explain and provide a deeperunderstanding of economic and industrial espionage. Furthermore, it describes legal andillegal methods of espionage and highlights the different aspects of preventing espionage suchas; technical, operational, physical and personnel security. A number of theoretical conceptshave been extracted and analyzed from different scientific articles which have beensummarized and anticipated in the form of theoretical framework. Incredible results are oftenproduced by exploiting industrial espionage. By concentrating on complete security, and notsimply specialized security, data security experts can altogether hamper enemy endeavors totake their association's data resources.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Schulich School of Music. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2007/08/29). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

vi, 341 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1980

Thesis (master's)--University of Jordan, 1986. / Includes indexes. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 324-343).

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1989. / "April 1989." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-112). Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): David C. Tucker, James Russell. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91). Also available online.

Johanna Brandt (born Van Warmelo) lived in Pretoria during the Anglo Boer War. She became involved in the events as a nurse in hospitals and later on in the Irene concentration camp and also as a Boer spy. She married the Reverend L.E. Brandt in the Netherlands soon after the war. In 1903 they came to South Africa where Brandt became minister of the Zoutpansberg congregation of the Hervormde Kerk while Johanna organised a spinning school and joined the South African Women's Federation. In 1908 they moved to the Johannesburg congregation. After the Afrikaner Rebellion Johanna helped organize the women's march as well as the Woman's National Party, but she withdrew after internal quarrels. She was interested in women's rights but never became an active feminist. The death of her mother in 1916 was for her traumatic and she sincerely believed that she saw visions which she explained in her book Millennium. While she desperately clung to her mother's home Harmony where she lived for a few years, she awaited the second coming of Christ. She also became involved in theosophy and naturopathy and wrote a book on the grape cure. In 1923 the Brandts moved to Vereeniging. Johanna subsequently undertook long tours on her own to publicize her cures, including a visit lasting 18 months to Europe and the USA. In 1930 the Brandts moved to a smallholding near Johannesburg where Johanna established a sanatorium. She also became involved in the New Age movement. Johanna and Brandt had seven children of their own and adopted another one. He retired in 1939 but died soon afterwards in a freak accident. Johanna subsequently withdrew from public life and settled in Cape Town, where she continued writing. She died in 1964 at the age of 88. / Johanna Brandt neé Van Warmelo het tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog in Pretoria gewoon toe sy as verpleegster in hospitale en later in die Irene-konsentrasiekamp asook as Boerespioen by die stryd betrokke geraak het. Kort na die oorlog is sy in Nederland met ds. L.E. Brandt getroud. Hulle het in 1903 na Suid-Afrika gekom waar Brandt predikant in die Soutpansberggemeente van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk geword het, terwyl Johanna 'n spinskool gestig en by die SAVF betrokke was. Die Brandts het in 1908 na die Johannesburg-gemeente verhuis. Na die Afrikanerrebellie was Johanna betrokke by die Vroue-optog (1915) asook by die Vrouwe Nationale Party, maar na interne twis het sy haar onttrek. Sy was 'n voorstander van vroueregte maar nooit 'n aktiewe feminis nie. Die dood van Johanna se moeder in 1916 was vir haar traumaties en sy het geglo dat sy visioene gesien het waaroor sy die boek Millennium geskryf het. Haar trauma is verhoog deur haar onvermoë om die woonhuis Harmony, waar sy 'n paar jaar gaan woon het terwyl sy op die wederkoms van Christus gewag het, te behou. Sy het voorts by teosofie en natuurgeneeskunde betrokke geraak en 'n boek oor die druiwekuur geskryf. In 1923 het die Brandts na Vereeniging verhuis. Johanna het daarna op haar eie lang reise onderneem om haar kure te propageer en was onder meer vir 18 maande in Europa en die VSA. In 1930 het die Brandts na Johannesburg verhuis waar Johanna 'n sanatorium opgerig het. Sy was ook by die Nuwe Era-beweging betrokke Johanna en Brandt het sewe eie kinders gehad en een aangeneem. Hy is in 1939 kort na sy aftrede as gevolg van 'n fratsongeluk oorlede, waarna sy haar aan die openbare lewe onttrek het. Sy het haar in Kaapstad gevestig en steeds geskryf. Sy is in 1964 op 88-jarige leeftyd oorlede. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Historical and Heritage Studies / DPhil / Unrestricted

This thesis is concerned with an analysis of British governmental attitudes and responses to communism in the United Kingdom during the early years of the Cold War, from the election of the Attlee government in July 1945 up until the election of the Wilson government in October 1964. Until recently the topic has been difficult to assess accurately, due to the scarcity of available original source material. However, as a result of multiple declassifications of both Cabinet Office and Security Service files over the past five years it is now possible to analyse the subject in greater depth and detail than had been previously feasible. The work is predominantly concerned with four key areas: firstly, why domestic communism continued to be viewed as a significant threat by successive governments – even despite both the ideology’s relatively limited popular support amongst the general public and Whitehall’s realisation that the Communist Party of Great Britain presented little by way of a direct challenge to British political stability. Secondly, how Whitehall’s understanding of the nature and severity of the threat posed by British communism developed between the late 1940s and early ‘60s, from a problem considered mainly of importance only to civil service security practices to one which directly impacted upon the conduct of educational policy and labour relations. Thirdly, how official counter-subversion methods were formulated and enacted over the period – from remarkably limited beginnings as small-scale vetting reform to a wide-ranging program of surveillance and counter-propaganda by the early 1960s. And finally, whether such responses can be judged as proportional with the benefit of historical hindsight, or if the British government’s conduct should be regarded as an egregious example of reactionary censorship and infringement of civil liberties in the modern era.

This study examines the two major conspiracy theories regarding Nazi assets being taken out of Germany and moved to neutral countries, specifically Argentina: Aktion Adlerflug and Aktion Feuerland. These two conspiracy theories believe that as defeat became inevitable, the Nazi leadership moved to ensure it had the plans and resources in place to safely evacuate. The conspiracy theories rely on networks established between the Nazi leadership, led by Hitler’s secretary Martin Bormann, German industrialists and expatriates, and German foreign and intelligence service agents operating in Argentina. They all colluded in the last two years of the war to construct, and provide for, a Nazi refuge in Patagonia where Hitler and other top Nazis would escape after the war. This study will critically examine the literature by the conspiracy theorists who propose these claims, and seek to determine the validity of their claims. Through the lens of these two conspiracy theories, this project will address questions of historical objectivity and historical method. Additionally, it will seek to understand the motivations of those that propose the conspiracy theories, and why the theories continue to be so prevalent.