Locus of control och självkänsla En jämförelse mellan elit- och icke elitidrottare Helén Blomstrand Besitter individen en hög inre locus of control anser denne att individen själv är ansvarig för valen denne gör i livet, medan en hög yttre locus of control innebär det motsatta. Syftet med studien var bland annat att se om elit- och icke elitidrottare skiljde sig gällande locus of control; får elitidrottarna högre förvärvade än traitbaserade inre attityder gällande självkänsla och locus of control, än icke elitidrottare, har locus of control samband med självkänsla. En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 82 idrottare varav 42 elitidrottare. Resultatet visade att elitidrottarna uppvisade signifikant högre resultat gällande inre locus of control än icke elitidrottarna samt att det fanns könsskillnader då männen uppvisade högre värden gällande en inre work locus of control. Resultatet indikerar även att bassjälvkänsla har ett positivt samband med locus of control. Diskussionen fördes kring om en högre inre locus of control leder till bättre idrottsliga resultat samt kritisk granskning av gällande uppsats. Keywords: locus of control, external and internal, athletes, self-esteem

Aim: In this study, women were interviewed about their experiences of recovering from an eating disorder - The aim has been to investigate the factors that contributed to recovery and with guidance of these factors, find factors that can be used in a preventive intervention. Method : A qualitative approach was used to design and conduct interviews, the design of the study was descriptive and a semistructured interview was used. The local affiliation of The Swedish Eating Disorder Association was contacted and provided contact with 10 women who participated in the interview. To participate in the study the women had to be recovered from their eating disorder for at least two years. The women who patricipated in the study were between 22 and 36 years old and had been recovered for 2- 16 years. Data were analyzed and coded then categories with similar themes about the factors that were important for recovery wad etablished. The various groups were summarized and are then recognized in the results. Results: Various factors have been important for recovery. One outstanding factor was people in their surroundings and people they met in treatment such as therapist, doctors and psychologists. These were persons who contributed to their courage to leave the eating disorders and helped them to better self-esteem, self-respect and hope for the future. Other important factors included the re- finding of their interests and to be their own selves in social contexts. Another important factor was to read literature about eating disorders, and biographies about people who have recovered from eating disorders. The conclusion is that the most important factor in recovering from an eating disorder is a person´s environment and its support. In order to prevent eating disorders, the work in the first place should be given to encourage children and young people´s self esteem

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, May, 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Texas, May, 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

People feel discomfort when they receive feedback about their relational value that is inconsistent with their self-esteem and certainty when they receive feedback that is consistent (Stinson et al., 2010). Feeling discomfort prompts additional feedback-seeking to confirm or disprove the original feedback (Swann, 1987). Feeling certainty does not. People base their self-views on years of experience and so are more likely to seek self-view consistent feedback (Swann, 1987). Participants were given high relational value feedback to invoke discomfort in individuals with low self-esteem (LSEs) but not individuals with high self-esteem (HSEs). Participants were then able to seek additional relational-value feedback. LSEs were expected to seek self-esteem consistent feedback to reduce discomfort whereas HSEs were not expected to seek additional feedback because they would not be experiencing discomfort. Results did not support these hypotheses for all participants: Single LSEs sought feedback as a function of self-esteem but mated LSEs did not. / Graduate

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The relationship between hopelessness and depression in a non-clinical sample of children (mean age = 10.75 years) was examined. A systematic comparison of three models of the role of hopelessness and global self-worth in childhood depression was conducted. The Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1983), the Self-Perception Profile for Students with Learning Disabilities (Renick & Harter, 1988), and the Hopelessness Scale for Children (Kazdin, French, Unis, Esveldt-Dawson, & Sherick, 1983) were administered. Results suggest that depressed children are hopeless but that hopeless children are not necessarily depressed; global self-worth and hopelessness are highly overlapping constructs; and no gender differences are present in childhood hopelessness. Results are interpreted with reference to the theoretical implications regarding the relative support of a new theory of depression and hopelessness, versus Greene's (1989) theory of the independence of hopelessness and depression as constructs, Beck's (1967) cognitive triad theory, and Haaga, Dyck, and Ernst's(1991) single dimension model of depression.

Successfully managing interpersonal relationships requires both pursuing desirable bonds and forgoing those that could be costly. Balancing these goals might be more difficult for some than for others, especially for those with low self-esteem who are motivated to connect, yet stifled by their lack confidence in their abilities to attract desirable dating partners. So, when a potential date’s romantic interest is unambiguous, will they eagerly seize any opportunity to connect, or will the desirability of the person making the request influence their decision? In three laboratory experiments, single, female participants were randomly assigned to receive a romantic overture from an ostensible, single, male who was presented as a desirable or an undesirable dating partner. Independent of whether they accepted or rejected the target’s advances, lower, relative to higher, self-esteem individuals experienced more emotional and cognitive uncertainty and distress before and after making their decision. Desirability of the target moderated some of these effects, such that high self-esteem individuals appropriately distinguished between desirables and undesirables, whereas low self-esteem participants experienced distress at the thought of accepting or rejecting either target. Notably, the actual decisions participants made were unaffected by self-esteem, and driven instead by the extent to which the target was presented as possessing desirable social commodities. Results are discussed with reference to potential mechanisms driving self-esteem differences in balancing the pursuit of quality interpersonal bonds while avoiding costly relations.

Two studies tested a theory of how trait self-esteem moderates behavioral and cognitive persistence in the face of failure. Three primary hypotheses were examined. First, that high self-esteem (HSE) individuals persist more than low self-esteem (LSE) individuals when their initial attempts to reach a goal fail, but subsequent or repeated failures lead HSE individuals to reduce behavioral persistence and pursue goal alternatives more quickly than LSE individuals. Second, that when no goal alternatives are available, HSE individuals behaviorally persist more than LSE individuals. Third, despite reductions in behavioral persistence, LSE individuals do not "give up" on the failed goal but continue to persist cognitively, in the form of aversive ruminations about the failed goal. In a factorial experiment, persistence was examined as a function of self-esteem, degree of failure, and the availability of goal alternatives. As hypothesized, HSE participants behaviorally persisted more than LSE participants after a single failure, but less after repeated failure. However, selfesteem differences in behavioral persistence did not emerge when goal alternatives were unavailable. Partial support was received for the hypothesis that LSE individuals engage in more ruminative persistence than HSE individuals-LSE participants showed higher levels of ruminative persistence on one of two measures of ruminative persistence. The findings regarding behavioral persistence were conceptually replicated, and the hypothesis regarding ruminative persistence received stronger support, in a longitudinal field study in which HSE and LSE participants initially listed their goals and reported on their behavioral and ruminative persistence regarding these goals 5 months later. HSE participants exhibited better calibration between perceptions of goal failure and behavioral pursuit than LSE participants, indicating that increasing perceptions of goal failure were associated with reductions in behavioral pursuit more for HSE than LSE participants. Although they reduced behavioral pursuit relative to HSE participants, LSE participants continued to persist cognitively, by ruminating about their goals more than HSE participants. Discussion focuses on the need to revise traditional views of HSE individuals that emphasize their tenacious persistence and views of LSE individuals that emphasize their tendency to give up in the face of failure.