Liu Huwy-min. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- The Introduction --- p.1 / Taiwan Betel Nut Puzzle / The History of Betel Nut / Betel Nut on Mainland China / Betel Nut in Taiwan / The Dutch (1624-62) and Zheng (1662-84) Rule / Qing Rule (1683-1895) / Japanese Rule (1895-1945) / Post World War II (1945-1970) / 1970 to the Present / The Economy and the State Transformation / Selling Betel Nut in Contemporary Taiwan / Betel nut Production / Betel Nut Shops / Betel Nut Beauties / Objectives and Significance of Researching Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Betel Nut Consumption as Contested Discourse --- p.32 / Meeting Betel Nut Consumers: Fieldwork at the Garden / The Betel Nut Shop and Its Owners / Research Methods / Seeing Betel Nut Consumers: Informants in Taiwan's Context / Betel Nut Consumption in Mainstream Discourse / Biomedical Discourse / """Cultural Survival"" Discourse" / Environmentalist Discourse / Substance Abuse Discourse / Discourses and Contestation / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Gender and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.64 / Gendered Consumption / Stimulant Substances and Gender / A Male or Masculine Habit? / Women's Rebellion and Modernity / Masculinity and Adulthood / Male Group Chhit-Tho / Chhit-tho Lang / The Taste of Adulthood / Entering Society / "Masculinity, Rebellion, and Power" / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Class and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.92 / """No Class Distinction, Just being Siwen or not""" / "Discourse, Resistance, and Modernity" / Hygiene and Modernity / """Only A Matter of Hygiene"" as Resistance" / Framing Individual Choice / Energizing Substance / In the Name of Work / The Contestation of Class / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social Identity and Betel Nut Consumption --- p.123 / Two Myths / Framework of Ethnic Relations in Taiwan / Native Taiwanese vs. Mainlanders / The Story of Taike / "Two Nationalisms, Two Identities" / Localities and Nationalism / Ethnicity and Betel Nut Chewing / "Constructing Ethnicity, Competing Discourses" / "Ethnicity, Social Identity, and Class" / Aborigines vs. Native Taiwanese / The Origin Myth of Betel Nut: the Aborigines / From Chhi-a to Pau-Hiu-a / Unpacking the Aborigine Myth / Authenticity and Legitimacy / Local Knowledge / Ethnic Identity as an Ideology / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.158 / Is It Traditional? / The Rise of Betel Nut Consumption in Taiwan / Political Economic Aspects / Cultural Aspects / Masculinity and Power / "Class and Capitalism," / Nationalism and Authenticity / Combining Political Economy and Culture / Cultural Intimacy / Bibliography --- p.185 / Appendix --- p.193

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

In the early decades of the eighteenth century, the Hakka-speaking groups in south Taiwan were initially addressed "ke" (guest) in the writings by the Hoklo-speaking groups in a discriminatory manner. Nevertheless, they established their social status via the assistance to official troops in times of disturbances and via the expression of a collective consciousness through their advocacy of the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness. Their identities were expressed in connection with their native places in the household registrations that were meant for baojia organization, taxation and in particular for imperial examinations. Clearly, the concept of Hakka as an ethnic group was not existent until some officials in the Japanese colonial government, who were influenced by the western idea of race, regarded Hakka-speaking groups as the Hakka race. Even so, more frequently the colonial officials categorized the Hakka-speaking groups "the Guangdong race," which directly applied the native places as their ethnic label. On one hand, this race category was fixed through official household registration, and on the other hand, colonial intellectuals endeavored to accentuate many cultural traits of the Hakka-speaking groups. This process gained legitimacy of the Hakka-speaking groups to be eventually ethnical within the colonial empire. It also perplexed the definitions of the Hakka in the process of the Liudui society's integration into the political and economic structure of the Japanese empire. / In today's Taiwan society, the promotion and construction of the Hakka as a recognized ethnic group is in the ascendant. The Liudui area in the south, together with Taoyuan, Xinzhu and Miaoli counties in the north, are generally acknowledged as the two main congregation areas of the Hakka in Taiwan. "Liudui," derived from the name of a local trans-village military organization in the Qing dynasty, was established by Hakka -dialect speakers in this region. Their religious center was the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness (zhongyi ting) founded to worship the martyrs sacrificed for fighting the rebels. The concept of Liudui has transited from an alliance of Hakka-speaking villages to the symbol representing Taiwan Hakka to the present day. This thesis explores how the complex interaction between the local society and the three different states (the Qing empire, the Japanese colonial government and the Republic of China) in the past four centuries eventually led to the construction of the Hakka identity in the Liudui society. / The construction of the Taiwan Hakka ethnicity was influenced by different classifications in different periods of time. The transition in the wartime colonial period, in particular, was crucial for us to reconsider the relationship between the ethnicity and state as well as the historical process of ethnic construction. / The Japanese colonial government performed assimilation policy and evolved to violent "Kominka" movement in the last decade of her rule in Taiwan. Nevertheless, it was exactly during this wartime period that the construction of the Hakka as a nationality which exported from southern China and Southeast Asia became highly feasible. In particular, the launch of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" brought opportunities for the integration of different nationalities within the Japanese ruling areas to come into reality. The vision of an enormous empire eventually collapsed because of the defeat of Japan, yet, this process paved the way for the postwar nation-state building in the same line. After the war, some people from the Chinese Mainland and some of them even originated from the Liudui area bore the Hakka identity and settled in Taiwan. They held important military and political positions in the republican government while in China, and they continued to play a crucial role in integrating the Hakka into the post-war nation-building process. It was under such political setting that the integration of Taiwan into the Chinese nation-state and the process of Taiwan's decolonization purported to utilize the historical sources of the Liudui society to be converged toward the ongoing construction of Hakka nationality in the Chinese Mainland. / 陳麗華. / Adviser: David Zame. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Lihua.

本研究旨在探索台灣自一九九零年代末推行之母語復興運動及其影響。作為使用者為數最多的本土語言，閩南語一度沒落；隨著母語復興措施當中、鄉土語言教學政策的廣泛開展，閩南語自「方言」一逕躍升為台灣文化的象徵，更被從政者甚至政府利用作對外宣傳之用。 / 作者通過語言人類學田野考察方法，試圖以閩南語作為案例，釐清及解讀以下幾點：（一）台灣民眾當今的語言選擇及使用狀況；（二）他們的語言態度，與其文化認同之對應關係；（三）語言在台灣族群認同政治所扮演的角色；（四）語言政治在各社會文化層面所引起之角力；（五）方言（或語言，如原住民語言）群之競爭，如何掀起語言及文化傳統之再造和復興，以圖合理化其族群作為台灣文化象徵的地位。 / 研究結果顯示，雖然巴赫汀 (Bakhtin) 的「眾聲喧嘩」(heteroglossia) 理論在實務層面與台灣的多語、多元文化相呼應，但當地政府所提倡之文化多元論、以及各持份者之間的隱性競爭，若以布迪厄 (Bourdieu) 的文化複製理論和傅柯(Foucault) 的權力知識理論解讀，當更適切。總的來說，台灣的母語復興運動，乃一項與昔日保守政權的抗衡行為賦權，控制兼具的政治行動，更是多元政治文化的象徵。 / This thesis looks into the government-led language revitalization campaign in Taiwan with special reference to the case of Hokkien, one of the "bensheng" (local) vernacular with Han Chinese roots, in terms of language rights, ethnogenesis, and cultural legitimacy. Tracing the rise and development of concepts such as cultural heritage, ethnic identity and democracy in the region, the focus is placed on the recent changes in Taiwan's language ideology and the intricate emergence of Hokkien as one of the "national" languages and symbols apart from the official language, i.e. Mandarin Chinese. / Against the backdrop where contesting discourses on language and culture discourses co-exist and crossbreed with each other, there are a number of closely-related issues that this thesis examines in particular: (1) the ways in which language choices are made and perceived in various contexts; (2) implications of such language choices as related to one's cultural identities; (3) the role of language politics in self and group identification and ethnic classification in Taiwan; (4) the power dynamics in various socio-cultural spheres; and (5) the resulting competition of multiple speech groups in Taiwan for authenticity, legitimacy and superiority in the political arena by means of reconstruction and reinvention of ethnic languages and traditions. / The findings reveal that despite the practical relevance of Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia to Taiwan's current ethnogenesis against the backdrop of multilingualism and multiculturalism, the political connections between the cultural plurality promoted by the government and the covert competition amongst various stakeholders are better understood in terms of Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction and Foucault's framework of power-knowledge. Language revitalization in Taiwan is thus an act of both empowerment and control, and a symbol of the mutual toleration and the cultural ambiguity that means to be used for contrasting with the old hegemonies' conservatism by the current ruling power. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tam, Chung Wing Loretta. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-286). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; indludes Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Past Research on Language, Ethnicity, and Identity --- p.2 / Language Survival, Maintenance, and Revitalization --- p.7 / Taiwan and Its Language Situation in Context --- p.28 / Methodology --- p.34 / Fieldsite Specifications --- p.43 / Structure of the Thesis --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- "Taiwanese" as an Identity: A Historical Overview --- p.54 / The Dutch Colonization and the Japanese Occupation --- p.56 / The KMT Rule and the Mandarin Campaign --- p.65 / Toward a Democratic and Multilingual Taiwan --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Discourses of Language Endangerment in Taiwan --- p.79 / Language Shift in Taiwan: Origins, Patterns, and Implications --- p.80 / Discousrses of Endangerment in Taiwan --- p.99 / Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Counteracting Language Shift: Native Language Education Policy in Action --- p.131 / One Policy, Multiple Interpretations --- p.133 / Curriculum and Daily Usage --- p.140 / Brand New Language Market for Local Languages: The Official Language Market --- p.150 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The Standardization Debates --- p.156 / Standardization and Language Revitalization --- p.158 / Language or Dialect? Concerns over Legitimacy and Status --- p.166 / Questioning "National Language" --- p.175 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Patterns of Language Choice and Attitudes in Everyday Life --- p.188 / Patterns of Language Choice in Northern Taiwan --- p.194 / Patterns of Language Choice in Southern Taiwan --- p.166 / On the Predominance of Code-Switching --- p.201 / On the Current Differentiation of "High" and "Low" Languages --- p.210 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- The Politics of Visibility --- p.213 / Language and the Mass Media: An Overview --- p.217 / Language Use in the Mass Media and the "Taiwanese" Identity --- p.231 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.242 / On the Language Markets --- p.243 / Ethnic Politics and Linguistic Nationalism --- p.255 / Field Linguistics and Beyond --- p.265 / Chapter Appendices --- p.270 / List of Terms and Abbreviations --- p.270 / List of Informants --- p.272 / Interview Guide --- p.275 / Bibliography --- p.278