Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_DanieleSouzade_D.pdf: 1437090 bytes, checksum: 0180b2360e22ff70ee43cdb53897997b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A produção de compostos de aroma por via biotecnológica é um campo emergente pois diferentemente da tradicional síntese química, os compostos produzidos por micro-organismos são classificados como naturais, indo de encontro à busca dos consumidores por alimentos saudáveis, isentos de aditivos sintéticos. O gênero Neurospora, pertencente a um grupo de fungos filamentosos, é relatado como produtor de hexanoato de etila, um éster caracterizado por possuir intenso um aroma frutal amplamente utilizado na indústria de alimentos. A produção deste aroma por via biotecnológica apresenta ainda alguns entraves, relacionados principalmente ao custo de produção e extração, que podem ser minimizados com o uso de resíduos agroindustriais, diminuindo assim, os custos da etapa fermentativa e tornando-o factível. Considerando que a produção de hexanoato de etila por via biotecnológica é pouco explorada e poucas publicações podem ser encontradas, os objetivos desta tese de doutorado compreenderam o isolamento e seleção de linhagens de Neurospora potencialmente produtoras de hexanoato de etila, em diferentes meio de cultura. Observou-se que o melhor meio sintético foi constituído de 5% extrato de malte e a maior concentração de éster obtida foi mediada pela linhagem Neurospora sitophila GFSC1135. A partir desses resultados foi realizada a otimização do processo de produção de hexanoato de etila visando maior rendimento para possíveis aplicações industriais. Utilizando delineamento composto central rotacional onde os parâmetros otimizados foram: temperatura, agitação, concentração de óleo de soja e inoculo, observou-se um incremento na produção cerca de cinco vezes (45mg.L-1) quando comparado com o primeiro estudo (8mg.L-1). Para os dois métodos de preparo de amostra, extração líquido-líquido e microextração em fase sólida, alguns parâmetros de validação foram determinados visando segurança analítica e credibilidade aos resultados, já que as matrizes são muito complexas. Também foi realizada a otimização do método de extração de hexanoato de etila do meio fermentativo, empregando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Dessa forma, pode-se observar os compostos produzidos pelo micro-organismo, os quais poderiam ser mascarados pelo pico do solvente, quando utilizada a técnica de extração líquido-líquido. Além disso, muitas vezes a concentração dos compostos produzidos é baixa, necessitando de uma técnica mais sensível. De forma semelhante ao realizado com meios sintéticos, a seleção de linhagens foi realizada utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como substrato (manipueira e bagaço de malte), visando minimizar custos relacionados ao meio de cultura, agregar valor ao produto final e suavizar o impacto ambiental gerado por esses resíduos. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos entre o bagaço e o extrato de malte, observou-se que não houve diferença estatística na produção de hexanoato de etila, ficando esta em torno de 45 mg.L-1. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se promissores, tendo em vista a produção biotecnológica de hexanoato de etila, um éster de aroma impactante e elevado valor agregado, abrindo precedentes aos estudos de elevação da escala de produção e futura aplicação industrial / Abstract: The biotechnological production of aroma compounds is an emerging field and it was stimulated by the increasing preference of alienated consumers for products bearing the label ''natural¿¿. The genus Neurospora belongs to a group of fungus filamentosus, is reported as a producer of ethyl hexanoate and it is characterized by having strong fruity aroma is much used in food industry. The production of this flavor by biotechnological process also presents some difficulties, mainly related to the cost of production and extraction, which can be minimized with the use of agro-industrial waste, reducing costs and making feasible fermentation step. Considering the production of ethyl hexanoate by means of biotechnological processes is rarely explored and few papers can be found, the aims of this research included the isolation and selection of strains of Neurospora potentially producing ethyl hexanoate in different culture media. Observed the best synthetic medium consisted of malt 5% extract and the highest concentration produced by strain Neurospora sitophila GFSC1135. Then the optimization of the production of ethyl hexanoate was carried out in order to increase production to possible industrial applications. Using central composite rotational design where the optimized parameters were temperature, agitation, concentration of soybean oil and inoculum, there was an increase in production about five times (45mg.L-1) compared to the first study (8mg.L -1). For both methods of sample preparation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase microextraction, some validation parameters were determined with security and reliability to analytical results, since the matrices are very complex. Was also performed to optimize the extraction method of ethyl hexanoate fermentation media, employing the technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME), because that way, could be observed the compounds produced by microorganism, which could be masked the peak of the solvent, when used the technique of liquid-liquid extraction. In addition, many times the concentration of the compounds produced is low, requiring a more sensitive technique. Likewise, strain selection was accomplished using as substrate (cassava wastewater and bagasse malt) in order to minimize costs related to the culture medium, to add-value to the final product and minimize the environmental impact generated by these agroindustrial residues. Comparing the results between the bagasse and malt extract, it was observed that there was no statistical difference in the production of ethyl hexanoate, it being around 45 mg.L-1.The results were promising of the biotechnological production of ethyl hexanoate, ester of a fruit aroma and high value added, opening previous studies of increased scale of production and its creating opportunity for the industry / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

L'effet des traitements hydrothermiques et l’effet des arômes sur la structure de l'amidon et de ses propriétés physiques ont été étudiés. L’amidon de blé natif a été traité à 2 hydratations différentes (rapports eau-amidon: 50/50 et 80/20 g/g) et à 2 températures (65 et 85 °C) en présence d’ arômes (hexanoate d'éthyle et de 2-hexanone). Les échantillons fraîchement préparés ont été soumis à l’analyse calorimétrique (AED) et au dosage d’ arôme. Aucun complexe d'inclusion entre amidon et arôme n’a pu être détecté par AED cependant le résultat de l'analyse aromatique a prouvé qu'il y avait des interactions arôme-amidon. Les deux composés d’arôme (hexanoate d'éthyle et 2-hexanone) ont interagi avec l'amidon à des teneurs comparables. Les pertes d’arômes ont été trouvées les plus élevées dans les échantillons traités aux plus hautes hydratation et température . La perte d’arôme était principalement liée à l’évaporation lors des traitements hydrothermiques. Après les traitements hydrothermiques, les échantillons ont été lyophilisés ont montré une stabilité d’arôme à la lyophilisation. Les échantillons lyophilisés ont été soumis à diverses études: DSC (Tg), RVA, la taille des granules, XRD, WAXS, SAXS étude et de stockage. Les traitements hydrothermiques ont conduit à des échantillons avec des propriétés différentes. A haute hydratation, la température influence la taille des granules et des propriétés rhéologiques à la cuisson (pasting). Les échantillons chauffés à 65 °C présentaient des tailles de granules significativement plus importantes, une viscosité maximale (en RVA) inférieure à celles des échantillons chauffés à 85 °C mais de significative différence en % de cristallinité. A faible hydratation, la température de chauffage n’avait pas d’influencer significative sur la taille des granules, mais un effet significatif sur les propriétés rhéologiques à la cuisson, le degré de cristallinité et le profil SAXS. Les échantillons chauffés à 65°C avaient une viscosité maximale supérieure , un degré de cristallinité plus élevé et des pics SAXS plus importants qu’après un chauffage à 85 °C. La teneur résiduelle en arôme n'a eu aucune influence significative sur la structure, mais semble affecter les propriétés rhéologiques à la cuisson. En ce qui concerne l'étude à la conservations, les échantillons ont été stockés à 58 et 75% d'humidité relative et étudiés par analyse SPME, par extraction d’arôme et par AED pour un suivide relaxation d’enthalpie après de 2, 4 et 14 semaines de stockage. Les échantillons avaient une plus grande libération de l'arôme à 75% HR et l’hexanoate d’éthyle montré une plus grande libération de 2-hexanone. Les échantillons ont montré une augmentation de relaxation d'enthalpie de lors d'un stockage. / The effect of hydrothermal treatments and flavours addition on starch structure and its physical properties were studied. Native wheat starch was treated at 2 different hydrations (water-starch ratios: 50/50 and 80/20 g w/w) and temperatures (65 and 85 °C) in the presence of flavours (ethyl hexanoate and 2-hexanone). The freshly prepared samples were subjected to DSC and flavour analysis. Flavour inclusion complex could not be detected by DSC, however the result of flavour analysis proved that there were flavours interactions with starch. Both ethyl hexanoate and 2-hexanone interacted with starch at similar rates. The highest flavour loss was found in the samples at high hydration and heated at 85 °C. The loss of flavour was mainly due to vaporisation during hydrothermal treatments. After hydrothermal treatments, the samples subjected to freeze-drying and they showed flavour stability upon freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples were subjected to various studies: DSC (Tg), RVA, granule size, XRD, WAXS, SAXS and storage study. The hydrothermal treatments resulted in samples with different properties. At high hydration, temperature influenced granule size and pasting properties. The samples heated at 65 °C had significantly greater granule diameter, lower peak viscosity than samples heated at 85 °C and no significantly difference in % crystallinity. At low hydration, heating temperature had no significantly influence on granule diameter but significantly affected pasting properties, % crystallinity and SAXS profile. The samples heated at 65 °C had a greater peak viscosity, % crystallinity and greater peak on SAXS than after a treatment at 85 °C. The residual flavour contenthad no significant influence on structure but affected pasting properties. Regarding storage study, the samples were stored at 58 and 75 % RH and withdrawn for SPME, flavour residual extraction and DSC (enthalpy of relaxation) at 2, 4 and 14 weeks of storage. The samples had greater flavour release at 75% RH and ethyl hexanoate showed greater release than 2-hexanone. The samples showed increasing of enthalpy relaxation upon storage.