<p> The overall image that emerges from the literature on gender and the French Revolution is that of revolutionary women transgressing traditional gender boundaries by actively participating in the Revolution. This study will show that with few exceptions, most revolutionary women did not attempt to transgress their gender boundaries; instead, they attempted to redefine their sphere of action on the basis of a new ideology born during the Revolution: that of the larger family of the Republic. This study investigates the contradiction between the eighteenth-century idea of the <i>femme id&eacute;ale </i> and the reality of revolutionary women activism and argues that these women justified entering the public space as part of their duties as patriotic mothers. On the other hand, this study also shows how revolutionary men increasingly started to marginalize all revolutionary women as &ldquo;femme-hommes&rdquo; to ultimately exclude them from the public sphere in 1793. While many historians focused on the way women were sexualized and feminized during the Revolution, this paper argues that most revolutionary leaders considered women who attempted to play men&rsquo;s roles to be women who were becoming men and thus losing their maternal and motherly duties.</p>

<p> This work explores the development, maintenance, and fracture or transformation of the collective identity that defined the British upper class in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the historical/cultural narratives that developed around the fracture of that collective identity, and on the affect that both identity fracture and narratives exercised on British society, culture, and politics during and after the First World War. We examine the process by which that collective identity was transmitted from generation to generation, examine the damage done to upper class collective identity during and in the wake of WW I, and explore the expression of that damaged identity in the development and influence of historical/cultural narratives generally identified as Lost Generation narratives. </p><p> The theoretical framework used in this dissertation is based on the work of a group of sociologists that includes Alberto Melucci, Manuel Castells, Harold Kerbo, John Ogbu, Jeffrey Alexander, Ron Eyerman, and Kai Erikson. Their analyses are grounded in Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory&mdash;a body of theory that seeks to describe the formation, maintenance, and transformation of both individual and collective identities. The historical analysis used in this effort involves the work of a range of historians and theoreticians. These include historians who focus on British social/cultural history and/or on the history of Britain during the First World War (e.g. J.M. Winter, David Cannadine, Samuel Hynes, Lawrence James, Paul Fussell, and Angela Lambert) as well as historians and theoreticians who focus on literary interpretation and on the use of narrative in history (e.g. Keith Jenkins, Hayden White, Roland Barthes, and Michel Foucault). The historical analysis includes research in primary sources from historical actors discussed in the dissertation. These include diaires, letters, and memoirs by Robert Graves, Vera Brittain, Seigfried Sassoon, and JRR Tolkien; letters and expedition journals of George Mallory; and JRR Tolkien's working notebooks regarding the development of his fictional works.</p><p>

<p>?The Canadian News is Unimportant? analyzes the anomaly of Canada in the British Empire in the nineteenth century by seeking to understand the role that Canada played in the production of empire abroad and understanding of empire in the metropole. The study is situated between the periods of the American Civil and the Canadian confederation movement and explores metropolitan newspapers and parliamentary debates to develop the themes of imagined identities, paternalistic language, and rhetoric of empire. Such explorations illustrate just how difficult it would become for the British metropole to reconcile their constructed image of a dependent and child-like colony with the reality of increasing Canadian autonomy. This study expands imperial historiography by showing just how important the Canadian news was in the constructions of the British empire in the nineteenth century.

<p> Between 1937 and 1943 the Romanian blouse plays a more pivotal role than previously acknowledged in Matisse's development of a pictorial sign language. Its embroidered oak leaf motif eventually evolves into an abstract symbol of <i>&eacute;lan vital</i> that animates the artist's late cutouts. By tracking the Romanian blouse, this thesis offers a counter-narrative to the standard monographic study or formal reading of Matisse&rsquo;s work. We learn the back story of how the blouse becomes a fashion trend set by Queen Marie of Romania who used her celebrity and national dress to promote the welfare of the Romanian people following WWI. We also see how appropriation turns into misappropriation when fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent&rsquo;s 1981 collection inspired by Matisse&rsquo;s images of the blouse introduce a broadly defined ethnic fashion into haute couture.</p><p>

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The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon Eric Dursteler and & Monique O’Connell, The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, 2016; 352 pp.; 25 colour illus., 68 halftones, 8 maps; 9781421419015, $34.95 (pbk)

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