<p> This research study employed a mixed method sequential approach and investigated the number of Schools of Medicine within the United States that offer health literacy as a component of their curriculum and a course of study within the academic setting. Data were gathered from medical school surveys and personal interviews. Curriculum content, learning objective, subject matter sequence, assessment, course schedule, and other relevant elements were evaluated as comparison components of the data collected from these two methods. This study focused solely on 71 of the 154 Schools of Medicine in the United States, inclusive of 126 of those awarding a Doctor of Medicine degree and 28 which offer a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. The study evaluated the status of the nation's effort to promote health literacy by adding courses in health literacy to medical school curriculum. </p><p> Surveys indicated evidence of a health literacy component in medical school curriculum, that the promotion of health literacy curriculum was being introduced to medical students during the first year of training, and a requirement for medical students years one through four, data revealed health literacy as a major concern within the U.S., and that both students and administrators were aware of the importance of the promotion of health literacy within medical school training. Use of telephonic interview for the qualitative portion of this research was employed to obtain factual information and to pursue in-depth information regarding the integration of health literacy curriculum in medical school training. Results from this segment of the research interview were used to facilitate both comparison and analysis points. Positive responses for this segment supported the findings of the descriptive quantitative results, yielding similar responses. Medical schools, or other health care training institutes considering implementing or expanding their curriculum, would benefit from this research in their efforts to address health literacy concerns.</p>

<p> Research on school leadership speaks to the importance of evaluating school administrators. Evidence suggests that involving school leaders in the design of the evaluation process as well as including feedback from stakeholders in the school community as part of the evaluation process can positively impact administrators' professional practice. Effective assessment supports the continued development and growth of school leaders. </p><p> In the local archdiocese the pastor evaluates the parish school administrator, using a standard form based on the job description and issued by the superintendent's office. The same self-evaluation is completed by the principal and discussed with the pastor. Since the pastor is typically not an educator, questions arise about the accuracy and usefulness of the data generated by the evaluation. These questions lead to discussions about the efficacy of the process and generate ideas for improvement and a willingness to effect change. </p><p> This dissertation study seeks to identify perceptions of Catholic elementary school principals about the current evaluation process in their diocese, exposes administrators to research into best practice in leadership evaluation, and shows how these principals collaboratively designed an evaluation tool and process. This action research process tracked changes in attitudes and beliefs about effective evaluation that occurred as the administrators designed a new tool and method for potential implementation in their diocese. Trends were identified and coded utilizing the research questions and the theoretical framework of Organization Governance, Leadership Theory, Evaluation Theory and Change Theory. This qualitative research study adds administrator voices to the developing professional dialogue about effective leadership evaluation. </p>

<p> No matter how well an educator evaluation system is designed, it can only be as effective as those who are actually implementing it in the trenches (Stronge, 1993). Unfortunately, many educational reforms at the school level have entirely failed or have failed to be implemented as designed. While much of the current educator evaluation research is focused on the perceptions of school principals and teacher perceptions of how the evaluation system has impacted student learning, "it is important to consider the faculty's perceptions of the evaluation system and their opinion of instructional leadership in their building" (Batchelor, 2008, p.22). </p><p> This study addressed the following main research questions: What is the relationship of the leadership dimensions of vision, support, structure, and trust on charter school teacher attitudes toward the implementation of the Rhode Island Model of the Educator Evaluation System? What do teachers perceive as the factors that contribute to teachers' attitudes toward the implementation of the Rhode Island Model of the Educator Evaluation System in relation to leadership? </p><p> Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used sequentially in this mixed methods study that examined charter school teachers' attitudes toward the implementation of the Rhode Island model of the Educator Evaluation System. The population sampled was Rhode Island grade 6 - 12 Charter School teachers. The entire population was sampled for the online questionnaire, while a sample of those who completed the survey and volunteered were selected to participate in the focus group. </p><p> Survey respondents perceive support, structure, and trust as having a significant correlation with teacher attitude towards the implementation of the Rhode Island Model of the Educator Evaluation System; trust and support explained 72% of the variance. Focus group participants reported that alignment of visions, clarity, transparency, and a small school setting, were factors that contributed to their attitudes toward the implementation of the Rhode Island Model of the Educator Evaluation System. </p><p> The findings of this study could help several stakeholders in the implementation and sustained use of the Rhode Island Model of the Educator Evaluation System: school level leadership, district level leadership, and state level leadership. </p>

<p> In the United States, K-12-12 online schools are growing, but research on the topic is limited. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to determine if there was a relationship between teacher perceptions of the Effective Schools Correlates and student achievement within two South Carolina online high schools. The independent variable was the Effective Schools correlates, and the dependent variable was the academic achievement of students. The Effective Schools Model provided the theoretical basis for this study because of the documented effectiveness of this model within traditional brick-and-mortar schools. The Effective Schools Survey was used to collect data by measuring South Carolina online high school teacher perceptions of the presence of the Effective Schools correlates. Archival standardized test data of grade 9-12 online students were collected from the South Carolina Department of Education to measure the dependent variables. Findings revealed few statistically significantly relationships between the Effective Schools correlates and student achievement. The findings of this study may interest educational leaders as they seek to identify specific factors or create models to effectively assess teaching and learning within online education.</p>

<p> Alternative high schools serve some of the most vulnerable students and their programs present a significant challenge to evaluate. Determining the impact of an alternative high school that serves mostly at-risk students presented a significant research problem. Few studies exist that dig deeper into the characteristics and strategies of successful alternative schooling. Moreover valid program evaluation methods to identify successful alternative school practices are hit and miss. As a result, public policy and systems of accountability have either disregarded information relating to alternative high schools or unjustifiably included them in comparisons with traditional high schools. </p><p> This dissertation studied the issue of how best to evaluate alternative high schools and what tools support leaders in planning a thorough and accurate program evaluation. The <i>Alternative High School Program Evaluation Toolkit</i> was developed to support school leaders and evaluation teams made up of internal and external stakeholders as they facilitate the program evaluation process. The features of the Toolkit address the need for alternative school evaluation to be practical, useful, fair and accurate. The Evaluation Toolkit includes training materials, protocols, an evaluation planning worksheet and an evaluation planning matrix that supports the team in conducting the evaluation. </p><p> The research represented in this dissertation is theoretically and practically grounded in Bridges and Hallinger's (1995) Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Borg and Gall's (1989) Research and Development (R&amp;D) Cycle. The product of the R&amp;D Cycle was the <i>Alternative High School Program Evaluation Toolkit</i> and a process for use by evaluation teams assigned the task of planning and carrying out program evaluations.</p>

<p> This mixed-methods case study determined the factors and examined the issues associated with student retention at a faith-based independent day school in southwestern United States of America. The data included online surveys, personal interviews, collection of archival information, and the researcher's extensive field notes. Surveys (530) were distributed to the board of trustees, administration, faculty, parents, and other stakeholders. Current parents responded to the survey at 71.5%, faculty responded at 47.8%, and board members responded, at 27%. Therefore, parents comprised the largest percentage of respondents by constituency to the survey. To gather more in-depth perceptions, 21 personal interviewees were purposely identified to equally represent the school's 5 groups of stakeholders. These semi-structured long interviews were conducted by the researcher and a trained assistant. The researchers' extensive notes across the year, and archival data portraying the school since its inception secured significant information to support valid results.</p><p> The first research question focused on factors stakeholders perceived were important to retention. Based upon the results of this study, a model noting the 5 factors that affect retention at faith-based independent schools was developed. These 5 factors were identified: positive relationships, affordability, clear communication, action plan for retention, and living the school mission. Positive relationships among the stakeholders were an overarching theme. The mission of the school--the focus on a balance of high quality general studies, faith-based curriculum, values and culture--was an essential factor in student retention Stakeholders perceived a need for better marketing and recruiting throughout fifth grade. Stakeholders were also concerned about affordability xiv and perceive a need for financial aid as an issue in retention. The school administration needs focus on improving positive communication. </p><p> The second research question asked stakeholders to list perceived issues that relate to retention. Based on the results of this study the predominant issues are: relationship building by administration, fine tuning communication from administration to the school community, finding the right balance between faith based and academic curriculum, exclusivity versus inclusivity of non-Jewish students, tuition support, recruiting throughout the grade levels, and improving the school's marketing strategy.</p>

<p>The state of Missouri has recently adopted new standards for educators. This study examines the perceptions of teachers in one Midwest school district relative to the current teacher evaluation system used in the district as well as a new model of teacher evaluation connected to Missouri's educator standards. To fully understand the perspective of the teachers, this study incorporates a mixed-methods approach which provides a variety of quantitative and qualitative data for analysis. Using survey data and focus group interview data, this study revealed that teachers perceive limitations associated with the current, more traditional evaluation process. Teachers also understand benefits to the new Missouri model, but also have reservations about its impending implementation. This study provides a number of implications for the district as it moves forward with changing its teacher evaluation process. </p>

<p> The conflicting nature of the principal's role as a leader in the context of the school building and yet a follower within the school district organization may lead to frustration, poor job performance, and ultimately, premature principal departure. As middle managers in the school district organization, principals are wedged between superintendents who are grappling with the directives of government mandates and with meeting the needs of teachers, and teachers, who are doing the difficult day-to-day work of educating our nation's children. This duality in the principal's role is highlighted as principals implement the teacher evaluation process. Teacher evaluation has become more significant in this age of accountability, and school districts expect that principals will answer for the performance of students and teachers in their schools. Research on teacher evaluation has included the viewpoints of teachers, parents, policymakers, and stakeholders, but has not emphasized the principal's perspective on his/her role in the teacher evaluation process. This qualitative study highlights the perspectives and experiences of secondary school principals as they conduct teacher evaluations. The five major findings of this research are: 1) teacher evaluation provides principals an opportunity to demonstrate instructional leadership; 2) principals experience professional isolation in the teacher evaluation process; 3) principals are concerned about the demands on their time; 4) principals seek autonomy but not isolation in their position; and 5) principals grapple with their role as middle managers. The current pace of change to teacher evaluation policy has created challenges for state and district level policymakers as they attempt to interpret the changes and implement best practices. It is vital that policymakers understand the principal's role in the teacher evaluation process and that the principal's voice is included in policy decisions. District policymakers should consider the principal's role as a middle manager as they develop and improve job descriptions for the principalship.</p>

<p> Sexual minority students are targets of bullying and experience negative mental health and academic outcomes. Although teachers report positive attitudes towards the needs of sexual minority students, they do not feel prepared to effectively support such students. This study investigated the current ways in which teacher education programs integrate the topic of GLBT needs into the educational experience of pre-service teachers and factors that may affect the integration of the topic. Twenty directors of teacher education programs participated in phone interviews. Some information was also collected from institution and federal websites. </p><p> The results indicate that approximately half of teacher preparation programs expect pre-service teachers to develop GLBT related competencies prior to graduating, although very few assess these competencies. Pre-service teachers are most likely to learn about GLBT issues as they relate to family structures, bullying, and literature in a variety of education related courses. Hands-on experiences are limited, with few programs reporting a presence of GLBT faculty or students, few experiences with GLBT issues in the field, and few opportunities to engage in research on GLBT related topics. The results indicate no significant difference in the interview answers by institution type or program accrediting body. The institution's Carnegie Classification, student population, percent of the institution's students enrolled in the education program, and percent of ethnic minority students and faculty in the program were found to have relationships with factors extracted from the questionnaire. The results and implications for teacher education practices are discussed.</p>

<p> Principals play a critical role in how a school performs and what type of culture it will have. However, most principal evaluation relies heavily on practices and beliefs grounded in 20th century educational paradigms or adheres to outdated behavioral checklists. This mixed methods study explores the current realities of principal evaluation in southeastern Idaho and the perceptions of 127 principals and superintendents. Findings suggest that there is a variance between written evaluation policies and current practices. Further, there was a statistically significant difference in the perceptions of principals and superintendents in nearly every aspect of principal evaluation studied. The study supports the need to revise and examine current practices being employed to assess principal job performance.</p>