Is the nucleolus a sine qua non condition of eukaryotes? The present project starts from this central question to contribute to our knowledge about the origin and the evolution of the cells. The nucleolus is a cryptic organelle that plays a central role in cell function. It is responsible for the orchestration of ribosomal RNA expression, maturation and modification in the regulatory context of cellular homeostasis. Ribosomal expression is undoubtedly the greatest transcriptional and regulatory activity of any cell. The nucleolus is not just a conventional organelle –membrane-limited-, but a magnificent transcriptional puff: a dichotomy between structure and process, form and function. What is the minimum nucleolus? Evolution should bring some light into these questions. Evolutionary cell biology (ECB) has raised increasing attention in the last decades. Is this a new discipline and an historical opportunity to combine functional and evolutionary biology towards the insight that cell evolution underlies organismic complexity? In the post-genomic era, we have developed the potential of combining high throughput acquisition of data with functional in situ and in sillico approaches: integration understood as omics approaches. Can this provide a real consilience between evolutionary and functional approaches? The reduced number of model organisms and cultivation techniques still excludes the majority of the extant diversity of cells from the scope of experimental inquiry. Furthermore, at the conceptual level, the simplification of evolutionary processes in biosciences still limits the conformation of a successful disciplinary link between functional and evolutionary biology. This limits the formulation of questions and experiments that properly address the mechanistic nature of cellular events that underlie microbial and organismic diversity and evolution. Here we provide a critical and comparative review to the historical background of ECB. This project takes the lessons learned from ECB and attempts to find a homologue structure of the eukaryotic nucleolus within the Archaea. We found nanometric structures in S. solfactarius that either are positive to specific nucleolar techniques such as Nucleolar organizer regions NOR silver staining. These is structures are novel and its significance should be revised on the evolutionary cell biology perspective.

La division cellulaire asymétrique est un mécanisme fondamental qui assure la diversité cellulaire, le renouvellement des cellules souches et le maintien de l’identité cellulaire. Elle dépend du bon positionnement du fuseau mitotique car il dicte le plan de division des cellules. La première division des embryons de C. elegans, est asymétrique et génère deux cellules fille de taille et devenir différents. Elle consiste en deux étapes : la centration des pronoyaux en prophase puis le déplacement postérieur du fuseau mitotique en anaphase. Lors de l'anaphase le fuseau subit des oscillations transverses plus marquées au pôle postérieur qu’au pôle antérieur. Ces mouvements sont contrôlés par des forces de traction agissant sur les microtubules astraux. Les générateurs de force ont été moléculairement identifiés et sont évolutivement très conservés. Un complexe composé de protéines Gα, liées à GPR (protéine à domaine GoLoco, homologue de LGN/Pins), à LIN-5 (protéine à domaine super-enroulé, homologue de NuMA/Mud) et à la dynéine serait ancré au cortex et activé en début de mitose pour tirer le fuseau. En analysant la première division d’une espèce proche de C. elegans : C. briggsae, on observe des variations de trajectoire du fuseau. Les embryons de C. briggsae présentent un décalage antérieur des noyaux en prophase et les oscillations du fuseau sont réduites en anaphase. La combinaison de perturbations physiques et l'analyse de mutants dans ces espèces, ont montré que ces différences s’expliquent par des changements dans la régulation du complexe ternaire. Mais, nous avons découvert que dans les deux espèces 1) un switch positionnel conservé contrôle le démarrage des oscillations du fuseau, 2) la localisation postérieure de GPR détermine ce switch positionnel, et 3) l'amplitude maximum des oscillations est déterminée en partie par le temps passé dans la phase oscillatoire. Nous avons utilisés ces variants pour corréler les phénotypes, la localisation de GPR et la divergence de séquence entre espèces afin d’identifier les éléments de régulation de cette protéine. Nous avons alors échangé les protéines et construits des protéines chimères entre les deux espèces. Enfin, par optogénétique, nous avons essayé de contrôler la localisation temporelle de GPR et analyser les conséquences sur les mouvements des noyaux et du fuseau. En étudiant la microévolution d'un processus sous-cellulaire, nous avons identifié de nouveaux mécanismes qui contribuent à la compréhension du positionnement du fuseau. / Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism essential in all organisms to assure cell diversity, stem cell renewal and cellular identity maintenance. It is relying on proper mitotic spindle positioning because it dictates the cell division plan. In C. elegans one-cell embryos, the first division is asymmetric and gives rise to two daughter cells of unequal size and fate. It occurs in two steps: pronuclei centration during prophase and spindle posterior displacement during anaphase. During anaphase, the mitotic spindle undergoes transverse oscillations that are more pronounced for the posterior than the anterior pole. These movements are controlled by pulling forces acting on astral microtubules. The force generators are identified and are evolutionary conserved. A complex made of Gα proteins, linked to GPR (a GoLoco containing protein, the LGN/Pins homologues), LIN-5 (a coiled-coil protein, the NuMA/Mud homologues) and dynein is thought to be anchored at the cortex and activated at the onset of mitosis to pull on the spindle. We identified variations in spindle trajectories by analyzing the outwardly similar one-cell stage embryo of a close relative of C. elegans, C. briggsae. Compared to C. elegans, C. briggsae embryos exhibit an anterior shifting of nuclei in prophase and reduced anaphase spindle oscillations. By combining physical perturbations and mutant analysis in both species, we show that differences can be explained by inter-species changes in the regulation of the cortical Gα/GPR/LIN-5 complex. However, we uncover that in both species 1) a conserved positional switch controls the onset of spindle oscillations, 2) GPR posterior localization may set this positional switch, and 3) the maximum amplitude of spindle oscillations is determined in part by the time spent in the oscillating phase. Interestingly, GPR is poorly conserved at the amino acid level between these species. We use these variants to correlate phenotypes, GPR localization and sequence divergence to identify GPR regulatory elements. To this end, we performed protein replacement between species, as well as analysis of protein chimeras. Finally we tried to use optogenetics in order to control GPR localisation temporally and analyze the consequences on pronuclei and spindle movements during the first division. By investigating microevolution of a subcellular process, we identified new mechanisms that are instrumental to decipher spindle positioning.