"I daresay you haven’t had much practice," said the Queen. "When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast." Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There[21]. This thesis examines an artificial proto-culture of e-Puck robots to examine which factors affect the transmission of memes, in the form of sounds imitated back and forth between the robots, to determine which factors promote or inhibit meme diversity and spread. Meme theory posits that the development of cultural artifacts such as ideas, myths, religions, etc. arises naturally from cultural information transfer by imitation. It has been suggested that 'copybots’, robots programmed to imitate each other, would eventually lead to the emergence of something recognizable as culture[13]. This thesis describes part of a research project which sought to use e-Puck robots to implement a copybot based system to examine this proto-culture emergence. The group implemented an Artificial Culture lab for experiments using the e-Puck robots. Here the focus is on the imitation of sound patterns (the memes) within a group of e-Pucks to examine which factors promote or inhibit meme diversity and spread. Other parts of the research group examined the imitation of movement patterns, human perceptions (and preconceptions of robots), and abstract societal level modeling. Within is described a simulator and a series of experiments on the imitation of sounds using that simulator that examine the factors affecting meme transmission in homogeneous populations and evolving heterogeneous populations. These experiments show that they key factor in promoting meme diversity and spread is simply the frequency with which imitation occurs. They also show that memory size plays a smaller role and selection strategy (for choosing which meme to imitate) plays a lesser role still. "If you’ve done six impossible things this morning, why not round it off with breakfast at Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe." Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe[1].

Les essaims de robots sont des systèmes composés d’un grand nombre de robots relativement simples. Du fait du grand nombre d’unités, ces systèmes ont de bonnes propriétés de robustesse et de passage à l’échelle. Néanmoins, il reste en général difficile de concevoir manuellement des contrôleurs pour les essaims de robots, à cause de la grande complexité des interactions inter-robot. Par conséquent, les approches automatisées pour l’apprentissage de comportements d’essaims de robots constituent une alternative attrayante. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l’adaptation de comportements d’essaim de robots avec des méthodes de Embodied Evolutionary Robotics (EER) distribuée. Ainsi, nous fournissons trois contributions principales : (1) Nous étudions l’influence de la pression à la sélection dirigée vers une tâche dans un essaim d’agents robotiques qui utilisent une approche d’EER distribuée. Nous évaluons l’impact de différents opérateurs de sélection dans un algorithme d’EER distribuée pour un essaim de robots. Nos résultats montrent que le plus forte la pression à la sélection est, les meilleures performances sont atteintes lorsque les robots doivent s’adapter à des tâches particulières. (2) Nous étudions l’évolution de comportements collaboratifs pour une tâche de récolte d’objets dans un essaim d’agents robotiques qui utilisent une approche d’EER distribuée. Nous réalisons un ensemble d’expériences où un essaim de robots s’adapte à une tâche collaborative avec un algorithme d’EER distribuée. Nos résultats montrent que l’essaim s’adapte à résoudre la tâche, et nous identifions des limitations concernant le choix d’action. (3) Nous proposons et validons expérimentalement un mécanisme complètement distribué pour adapter la structure des neurocontrôleurs des robots dans un essaim qui utilise une approche d’EER distribuée, ce qui permettrait aux neurocontrôleurs d’augmenter leur expressivité. Nos expériences montrent que notre mécanisme, qui est complètement décentralisé, fournit des résultats similaires à un mécanisme qui dépend d’une information globale / Robot swarms are systems composed of a large number of rather simple robots. Due to the large number of units, these systems, have good properties concerning robustness and scalability, among others. However, it remains generally difficult to design controllers for such robotic systems, particularly due to the complexity of inter-robot interactions. Consequently, automatic approaches to synthesize behavior in robot swarms are a compelling alternative. In this thesis, we focus on online behavior adaptation in a swarm of robots using distributed Embodied Evolutionary Robotics (EER) methods. To this end, we provide three main contributions: (1) We investigate the influence of task-driven selection pressure in a swarm of robotic agents using a distributed EER approach. We evaluate the impact of a range of selection pressure strength on the performance of a distributed EER algorithm. The results show that the stronger the task-driven selection pressure, the better the performances obtained when addressing given tasks. (2) We investigate the evolution of collaborative behaviors in a swarm of robotic agents using a distributed EER approach. We perform a set of experiments for a swarm of robots to adapt to a collaborative item collection task that cannot be solved by a single robot. Our results show that the swarm learns to collaborate to solve the task using a distributed approach, and we identify some inefficiencies regarding learning to choose actions. (3) We propose and experimentally validate a completely distributed mechanism that allows to learn the structure and parameters of the robot neurocontrollers in a swarm using a distributed EER approach, which allows for the robot controllers to augment their expressivity. Our experiments show that our fully-decentralized mechanism leads to similar results as a mechanism that depends on global information