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Det här projektet genomfördes på Saab Dynamics AB, Karlskoga. Syftet med projektet var att utvärdera möjligheterna att använda en 24 GHz Dopplerradarsensor för automotive-industrin, vid mätning av utgångshastigheten för projektiler från granatgeväret Carl Gustaf. Mätning av utgångshastigheten är av intresse för att öka träffsäkerheten med projektilerna. Projektet är huvudsakligen teoretiskt, dvs inga skarpa tester utfördes. Slutsatserna som dras grundar sig på beräkningar för mätning med radar och de matematiska problem de för med sig. Resultatet visar att denna radartyp är kapabel att mäta granater som färdas i höga hastigheter. Eftersom radar mäter radiell hastighet och radarmodulen ej kan placeras i linje med projektilen, behöver den uppmätta hastigheten korrigeras. Det söktes efter en lösning att korrigera detta i realtid eller genom efterbehandling av inläst data. En sådan blev dock ej funnen. Av de utforskade alternativen var den realiserbara lösningen på detta problem att montera radarmodulen så att felet i uppmätt hastighet blir försumbart. / This project was carried out at Saab Dynamics AB, Karlskoga, Sweden. The purpose of the project was to evaluate the possibilities to use a 24 GHz Doppler sensor made for the automotive industry to measure the exit velocity of projectiles from the grenade launcher Carl Gustaf. Measuring the exit velocity is of interest to increase the accuracy of the projectiles. The project is mainly theoretical, i.e. no live testing was performed. The conclusions drawn are based on calculations for measurement with radar and the mathematical problems they create. The result shows that this radar type is capable of measuring grenades travelling at high velocities. Since radar measures radial velocity, and the radar module cannot be placed in line with the projectile, the measured speed needs to be corrected. It was attempted to create a solution to correct this in real time or through post processing of the submitted data. A solution to this problem was, however, not found. Of the options explored, the realizable solution was to mount the radar so that the error in measured speed becomes negligible.

Measures of temperament including exit velocity (EV) and pen score (PEN) and were compared over 3 repeated observations (60-d interval) of yearling Brahman bulls (initial BW = 320 ± 4 kg; n = 66). Exit velocity measures were correlated; EV1 to EV2 (r = 0.32, P = 0.01), EV1 to EV3 (r = 0.31, P = 0.02), and EV2 to EV3 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Both EV and PEN were correlated with serum cortisol (CS) within Time 1 and Time 3; EV1 to CS1 (r = .26, P = 0.04), PEN1 to CS1 (r = 0.29, P = 0.02), and EV3 to CS3 (r = 0.44, P < 0.001). Two-year old Brahman heifer were given an ACTH challenge. The calm (C) and temperamental (T) groups consisted of 6 slow (EV=1.05 ± 0.05 m/sec) and 6 fast (EV = 3.14 ± 0.22 m/sec) heifers. Prior to ACTH challenge, T heifers had elevated CS (T = 48.97 ± 3.42, C = 29.60 ± 5.46 ng/mL). Basal CS was higher (P < 0.001) in T heifers (18.20 ± 2.63, C = 4.30 ± 0.58 ng/mL). Following ACTH (0.1 IU ACTH per kg BW) area under the response curve (AUC) was greater (P = 0.07) in C heifers (T = 69.08 ± 10.69, C = 95.87 ± 7.24 ng·h/mL). After declining below basal concentrations, CS in T heifers were again greater (P = 0.02) than in C heifers. The same heifers were subjected to a CRH challenge (0.1 µg bCRH per kg BW). Prior to CRH area under the ACTH curve was greater (P = 0.025) in T heifers (T = 385.72 ± 49.97, C = 239.24 ± 24.04 pg·h/mL). Basal ACTH did not differ (P = 0.10) between temperament groups. Area under the ACTH response curve was greater (P = 0.057) in C heifers (C = 66.72 ± 10.65, T = 38.11 ± 6.44 pg·h/mL). These data demonstrate that cattle with poor temperament exhibit increased stress responsiveness to handling, increased baseline adrenal function but not increased basal pituitary function, and a muted responsiveness to pharmacological stimulus. Thus functional characteristics of the HPA axis vary with animal temperament.