by Choi Tai-kai, Hui Lai-king. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983 / Bibliography: leaves [105-106]

This diploma thesis in the first part discusses the importance of export, and especially its support from the goverment. There is characterized credit risk and the possibility of insurance. The theoretical part introduce an international agreement concluded OECD Consensus, which sets the rules for export credit insurance with the support. The practical part is devoted to an analysis of the insurance company EGAP in the years 2007 - 2009. Insurance contracts are analyzed according to the insurance product and territories. In conclusion there is a recommended procedure for the exporter in arranging insurance.

Les révolutions industrielles ont été caractérisées par un rôle des banques joué en premier via le capital circulant, plus que via le financement du capital fixe. Le poids du commerce extérieur dans l’économie Britannique du dix-neuvième siècle pose la question de l’importance d’une catégorie de crédits, les crédits à l’exportation. Le dix-neuvième a vu la croissance des financements des exportations par prêts, ces prêts rencontrant l’engouement aussi bien des banques que des entreprises. A partir de la mi-dix-neuvième siècle, le role historiquement joué par l’escompte connait un déclin relatif, concrétisé par un financement des exportations par prêts devenant dominant dans l’actif des banques. La prolifération des banques, malgré les crises récurrentes, et la concurrence interbancaire qui en a découlé, ont joué dans le sens d’une réduction du rationnement au niveau du financement des exportations. La pression sur le rationnement est d’autant plus notable que les structures de l’assurance-crédit à l’exportation n’ont commencé à s’affirmer qu’en fin de dix-neuvième siècle, et n’ont commencé à bénéficier du soutien de l’Etat qu’après la première guerre mondiale. Malgré cela, les marchés proches des pays d’Europe continentale ont été dépassés en direction des marchés géographiquement éloignés, en principe caractérisés par un niveau de risque plus élevé. L’interaction entre l’élargissement des débouchés à l’exportation et la croissance de la production a bénéficié de l’appui d’une offre de crédits à l’exportation relativement peu sensible au risque. D’où la possibilité de parler de révolutions industrielle, financière, et commerciale. Du point de vue institutionnel, si l’Etat a essentiellement agi dans le sens de l’élargissement de l’accès aux marchés pour les exportations Britanniques, la banque d’Angleterre a, pour sa part, rempli le rôle vital de préteur ultime, permettant de maintenir le flux de financement en direction des entreprises, via le refinancement des banques. / The industrial revolutions were characterized by a role of banks played mainly via the circulating capital, rather than via the financing of fixed capital. The weight of the foreign trade in the nineteenth century British economy raises the question of the importance of a category of credits, the export credits. The nineteenth century saw the growth of loan-financed exports, these loans meeting the craze of banks as well as that of companies. From the mid-nineteenth century, the role historically played by the discount witnessed a relative decline, concretized by a financing of the exports by loans which became dominant among bank activities. The proliferation of banks, in spite of the recurring crises and the interbank competition which ensued from it, resulted in a reduction of the rationing at the level of exports financing. The pressure on the rationing is more considerable than the structures of export credit-insurance began to assert themselves only at the end of nineteenth century, and began to benefit from state support only after World War I. Nevertheless, markets close to countries of continental Europe were exceeded in the direction of geographically remote markets, usually characterized by a level of higher risk. The interaction between export outlets extension and production growth benefited from the support of an export credits offer relatively less risk sensitive. Hence the possibility to speak about industrial, financial and commercial revolutions. From an institutional point of view, if the state has essentially acted in favor of the extension of access to markets for the British exports, the Bank Of England has played, for its part, the vital role of ultimate lender, allowing to maintain the flow of financing in the direction of companies, via the refinancing of banks.

Legal Regulation of Activities of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation The subject of this thesis is an analysis of regulatory instruments which affect the working of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation (abbreviated as EGAP in Czech). While the main point of focus are the legal instruments, non-legal tools needed to be considered as well for a full understanding of the topic. The first chapter covers the historical development of the corporation and its importance for the economy of the Czech Republic. Other institutions supporting export are also mentioned in short - the Czech Export Bank and the CzechTrade agency. In the second chapter I analyse relevant legislation of the Czech Republic and the European Union and international agreements as well. The next chapter consists of a description of insurance products in EGAP portfolio and their comparison. In the fourth chapter, I first outline the export policy of the Czech government and I follow to explain the means of financing the corporation and the capital requirements that are put on it. The topic of insurance operated on a commercial basis is covered, albeit briefly. This is handled by a subsidiary company of EGAP. The process of providing insurance with state support has been changed recently, with measures aiming to...

The first chapter summarises basic characteristics of the export credit insurance, particularly focusing on the export credit insurance with state support. The second chapter summarises the issue of export credit insurance as a tool of export-oriented politics. The third one describes international organisations and international regulations affecting export credit insurance with state support. Tha last chapter summarises developement of export credit insurance from the beginning to the present time including contemporary economic crisis.

This diploma thesis deals with the short-term methods of export financing and with credit risk management of the exporter. The part of this work desribes the trade credits, bank credits and factoring as a common instruments of international trade financing. The last part of this work try to bring together the impacts of financial crisis on trade credit availability and export credit insurance.