The extraembryonic endoderm of mammals is essential for nutritive support of the foetus and patterning of the early embryo. Visceral and parietal endoderm are major subtypes of this lineage with the former exhibiting most, if not all, of the embryonic patterning properties. Extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cell lines derived from the primitive endoderm of mouse blastocysts represent a cell culture model of this lineage, but are biased towards parietal endoderm in culture and in chimaeras. Here, I further characterise XEN cells and show that these cell lines exhibit high levels of heterogeneity. In an effort for XEN cells to adopt visceral endoderm character different aspects of the in vivo environment were mimicked. I found that BMP4 and laminin promote a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of XEN cells with upregulation of epithelial markers and downregulation of mesenchymal markers. Gene expression analysis showed the differentiated XEN cells most resembled extraembryonic visceral endoderm. Correspondingly, inhibition of Erk and BMP signalling drives XEN cells toward parietal endoderm fate. Finally, I show that BMP4 treatment of freshly isolated parietal endoderm from Reichert’s membrane promotes its visceral endoderm differentiation. This suggests that parietal endoderm is still developmentally plastic and can be transdifferentiated to a visceral endoderm in response to BMP. Generation of visceral endoderm from XEN cells uncovers the true potential of these blastocyst-derived cells and is a significant step towards modelling early developmental events ex vivo.

A 3,5 jours de développement (E3.5), l'embryon de souris est composé d'une couche externe de trophectoderme (TE) entourant la cavité blastocélique et la masse cellulaire interne (MCI). La MCI comprend une population hétérogène de précurseurs d'épiblaste (Epi) et d'endoderme primitif (EPr) dans une configuration "poivre et sel". A E4.5, ces cellules ségrégent, les cellules d'EPr migrant vers la surface de la MCI pour former un épithélium. A E4.75 cet épithélium donne naissance à 2 tissus distincts : un épithélium d'endoderme viscéral (EP) et à l'endoderme pariétal (EP) qui migre le long du TE. Une transition épithélium-mésenchyme est impliquée dans la formation de l'EP. Je m'intéresse au rôle de Dkk1, un inhibiteur de la voie Wnt canonique et activateur de la voie Wnt/PCP, et Noggin, un inhibiteur des BMP, dans la différenciation de l'endoderme extraembryonnaire. J'ai montré que Dkk1 est un marqueur de l'EPr qui devient apicalement polarisé à E4.5. Son expression est ensuite restreinte aux cellules de l'EP. J'ai aussi montré que Noggin est exprimé dès la préimplantation puis dans l'EP et au niveau de la charnière EV-Ep. Par des expériences de perte et de gain de fonction des voies Wnt et BMP et en utilisant les souris mutantes j'ai analysé le rôle de ces deux facteurs dans la différenciation de l'endoderme extraembryonnaire. / At 3.5 days of development (E3.5), the mouse embryo consists of an outer layer of trophectoderm (TE) surrounding the blastocelic cavity and the inner cell mass (ICM). The ICM is composed of intermingled populations of epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrE) precursors, that sort to form two distinct tissues. At E4.75 this epithelium differentiates into visceral endoderm (VE) and parietal endoderm (PE) that migrates along TE. An epithelium-mesenchyme transition (EMT) is involved in PE formation while the VE is maintained as an epithelium. My work focuses on the role of Dkk1, a Wnt canonical pathway inhibitor and Wnt/PCP pathway activator, and Noggin, a BMP pathway inhibitor, in extraembryonic endoderm differentiation. I have shown that Dkk1 is a marker of PrE precursors and is apically polarised at E4.5. Afterwards, its expression is restricted to PE. Noggin is expressed during preimplantation and then in PE and EV-EP hinge. By gain and loss of fonction experiments of Wnt and BMP pathways and by using mutant mice, I studied the role of these two factors in extraembryonic endoderm differentiation.