Background Timing and quantity of protein (PRO) consumption are important considerations for muscle protein synthesis (MPS), fat-free mass (FFM) accretion, and body fat % (BF%) reduction. The effect of PRO ingestion on changes in FFM is mediated by many variables. Past studies have focused on specific composition of carbohydrate (CHO) and PRO consumption (CHO vs. PRO + CHO), and have also investigated PRO intake timing at pre-exercise, post-exercise, or both. Other studies have investigated FFM maintenance and growth with increased PRO consumption during catabolic or anabolic phases of energy balance (EB). These mechanisms have been studied in various populations, including healthy untrained individuals, overweight and obese people, and endurance athletes. However, studies have not explored relationships between the amount and timing of PRO ingested, and the state of EB, as it relates to FFM%. Method/Design A retrospective analysis design was used to assess relationships between PRO ingestion, timing, and EB on FFM in collegiate football players. Subjects were members of an intercollegiate Division 1 football team, had completed a one-day food and activity record, and had body composition assessed as part of a regular team screening procedure. Data acquisition was supervised by a PhD/Registered Dietitian. Food and activity records were analyzed using NutriTiming®, which predicts RMR via the Harris-Benedict equation, uses a MET-based relative intensity activity scale, and accesses the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 to predict hourly EB and PRO consumption. EB was assessed as ±400 kcal EB (EBR), < 0 kcal EB (NEGEB), and > 0 kcal EB (POSEB). Total useable PRO (TUP) was defined as the sum of PRO consumed in units up to 30g max/meal, a value also assessed relative to EB at the time of ingestion. The goal was to assess the amount and timing of PRO intake with EB as these factors relate to FFM. Results Pearson's correlations found that BF% was negatively associated with TUP while in EBR (r=-.253; p=0.049), and FFM% was positively associated TUP in EBR (r=0.279; p=0.030) and in POSEB (r=0.282; p=0.028). NEGEB was positively associated with BF% (r=0.325; p=0.011), and negatively associated with FFM% (r=-0.322; p=0.011). Conclusions Results elucidate that players who ingest PRO in a relatively good energy-balanced state had higher FFM% and a lower BF%. Further, those players consuming TUP while in POSEB had an even stronger positive association with FFM% and a stronger inverse association with BF%. These data reject the null hypothesis that football players who consume PRO in POSEB have less FFM% than those who consume PRO in NEGEB.

Title: Appropriateness of choice to walk or run, depending on the speed of a quick relocation with load carriage Objectives: Comparison of physiological response of organism during the walk and run at speed 6 - 7,4 km.h-1 with carried load 15 kg with follow-up determination of critical speed in connection with economy of these activities where there were discovered sizes of correlation with proportional representation of fat free mass and working length of lower limb. Methods: The method applied in this research was the quantitative research based on intra-individual and inter-individual comparative analysis. Results: Based on the measured data it has been found out that there is a critical speed at 7,43 km.h-1 (±0,53), with respect to economy of walk compared to run with 15 kg load. The average heart rate during the critical speed was 129 BPM (±9,67). The average energy expenditure per minute during the critical speed was 11,9 kcal (±2,04). In addition there were discovered sizes of correlation between critical speed and the working length of lower limb where rP = 0,9203 was statiscitally significant. (α = 0,05) and between critical speed and proportional representation of fat free mass, where rP = 0,1529 was not found to be statistically significant (α = 0,05). Keywords: quick relocation, load...