Climate models forecast lower and less frequent precipitation in the next 50 years. This is especially pronounced in the central United States, where Texas is expected to lose a week’s worth of rain every summer. Water availability is a primary driver of carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems – controlling photosynthesis and organic matter decomposition. Thus, under proposed rainfall shifts, understanding the potential ecosystem response is key to predicting the future of terrestrial productivity. Terrestrial nutrient cycling is also driven by microbial saprotrophs, which are the chief decomposers of organic matter. Understanding the microbial response to rain shifts is key in predicting the ecosystem response. Research supports both microbial community specialization to local environment, and that the microbial communities may have the ability to rapidly acclimate to environmental change. To address this question of microbial response, we used a steep natural rainfall gradient along the Edwards Plateau in central Texas. The Edwards Plateau is an ideal field site in which to test these ideas because nearly identical grassland habitat and soils are found across its entirety, while mean annual precipitation ranges from 45 cm to 91 cm. To understand how soil microbial communities varied as a result of historical rainfall differences, we divided the gradient into four isoclines based on precipitation (46-56 cm, 56-66 cm, 66-76 cm, and 76-86 cm), and examined soil and soil microbial community characteristics at three sites in each isocline. We further used soils from the same sites for a reciprocal soil moisture experiment, where we asked how soil microbial communities responded to altered moisture conditions. Using a full factorial design, soils from each site in each isocline were exposed to one of four soil moisture treatments: soil moisture from the ‘home’ isocline and the three other ‘away’ isoclines. The moisture treatments were maintained for one year. Microbial respiration was measured at regular intervals throughout the experiment; fungal hyphal abundance and inorganic nitrogen were measured at the final harvest. The soils collected from the gradient decreased in both soil moisture and hyphal abundance from the wet to the dry end of the gradient, but there was no trend in inorganic nitrogen. In the reciprocal moisture experiment, microbial CO2 respiration was affected by both home isocline and soil moisture treatment. Drier sites had a narrower response to wetter treatments and did not achieve the same activity as wetter sites regardless of soil moisture treatment. In contrast, soils from the wettest isocline experienced severe reductions in activity with drying, with activity at the driest moisture treatment below that found in soils that were from the driest isocline. These patterns are consistent with some degree of local specialization, which may constrain the ability of microbial communities to rapidly acclimate to altered precipitation regimes. This experiment did not include immigration, however, and shifts in community composition in the presence of dispersal may be able to counteract local specialization. Given expected future increases in drought intensity microbial decomposition activity is likely to decrease and local specialization may create a lag in acclimation to the new condition. Thus, local specialization of microbial communities should be considered when predicting ecosystem responses to future climate change and their potential feedbacks to ecosystem productivity and carbon storage. / text

Using cross-correlation analysis, we demonstrate that flux measurements at observation locations during hydraulic tomography (HT) surveys carry non-redundant information about heterogeneity that are complementary to head measurements at the same locations. We then hypothesize that a joint interpretation of head and flux data can enhance the resolution of HT estimates. Subsequently, we use numerical experiments to test this hypothesis and investigate the impact of stationary and non-stationary hydraulic conductivity field, and prior information such as correlation lengths, and initial mean models (uniform or distributed means) on HT estimates. We find that flux and head data from HT have already possessed sufficient heterogeneity characteristics of aquifers. While prior information (as uniform mean or layered means, correlation scales) could be useful, its influence on the estimates is limited as more non-redundant data are used in the HT analysis (see Yeh and Liu [2000]). Lastly, some recommendation for conducting HT surveys and analysis are presented.

The planet crossing asteroids in the inner solar system have strongly chaotic orbits and the distributions of their angular elements (longitude of ascending node, Ω; argument of perihelion, ω; and longitude of perihelion, ϖ) are often regarded as uniform random. In the last decade, the known population of these minor planets has increased by more than a factor of four, providing a sufficiently large dataset for statistical analysis of their distribution. By choosing the observationally complete set of bright objects, we quantified the level of intrinsic non-uniformities of the angular elements for the following dynamical subgroups of Near Earth Objects (NEOs) and Mars Crossing Objects (MCOs): three subgroups of NEOs (Atens, Apollos, and Amors) and two inclination subgroups of MCOs (high and low inclination MCOs, with the boundary at inclination of 15°). Using the methods of angular statistics, we found several statistically significant departures from uniform random angular distributions. We were able to link most of them with the effects of secular planetary perturbations. The distribution of the longitude of ascending node, Ω, for NEOs is slightly enhanced near the ascending node of Jupiter due to the secularly forced inclination vector. Apollos and high inclination MCOs have axial enhancement of ω due to secular dynamics associated with inclination-eccentricity-ω coupling; these enhancements show opposite trends in these two subgroups. The ϖ distributions of Amors and of MCOs are peaked towards the secularly forced eccentricity vector, close to the ϖ value of Jupiter. These non-uniform distributions of the angular elements may affect the asteroidal impact fluxes on the planets. We developed a new approach that accounts for the non-uniform angular elements of planet crossing asteroids to investigate the impact flux and its seasonal variation on the Earth, the Moon, and Mars. The calculation for this study was achieved by generating many clones of the observationally complete subset of bright planet-crossing objects, measuring the Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) between the planet and the clones, and making use of the classical formulation of Wetherill (1967) for the collision probability of two objects on independent Keplerian orbits. We developed a novel method to calculate the collision probability for near-tangential encounters; this resolves a singularity in the Wetherill formulation. The impact flux of NEOs on the Earth-Moon system is found to be not affected significantly by the non-uniform distribution of angular elements of NEOs. The impact flux on Mars, however, is found to be reduced by a factor of about 2 compared to the flux that would obtain from the assumption of uniform random distributions of the angular elements of MCOs. Moreover, the impact flux on Mars has a strong seasonal variation, with a peak when the planet is near aphelion. We found that the amplitude of this seasonal variation is a factor of 4-5 times smaller compared to what would be obtained with a uniform random distribution of the angular elements of MCOs. We calculate that the aphelion impact flux on Mars is about three times larger than its perihelion impact flux. We also calculate the current Mars/Moon impact flux ratio as 2.9-5.0 for kilometer size projectiles.

Minimal research has been conducted to examine dissolution and remediation of NAPL located in lower-permeability (K) media. The purpose of this research was to investigate dissolution of non-uniformly distributed residual NAPL located in lower-K media and how mass transfer was affected. Additionally, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) effectiveness using KMnO₄ in the laboratory and field was examined. A series of column and flow cell experiments were conducted with trichloroethene (TCE). For uniformly distributed residual NAPL control experiments, reduced interfacial pool area and resonance time were likely the most important mass transfer limitation. For non-uniformly distributed residual NAPL, by-pass flow attributed to reduced effective permeability was initially the most important factor affecting nonideal mass transfer. Dissolution times increased with physical heterogeneity due to bypass flow. Mass transfer was more non-ideal for non-uniformly distributed NAPL. Nonideal mass transfer was most pronounced for non-uniformly distributed NAPL in lower-K zones. NAPL location influences dissolution behavior and ultimately remediation. Mass flux reduction versus mass reduction comparisons for the experiments exhibited how mass transfer trends vary between systems. The effectiveness of KMnO₄ ISCO of residual TCE located in lower-K media was examined. KMnO₄ solution was flushed through a flow cell followed by water flushing to evaluate long-term mass flux behavior, which was then compared to a water-flush control. For water flushing following KMnO₄ flushing, mass flux was similar to the control experiment. However, since contaminant mass was reduced, the number of pore volumes required for complete TCE removal via water flushing was estimated to be reduced by half. 1,1-Dichloroethene (DCE) is thought to be located in lower permeability strata adjacent to the water table at the Samsonite Building Area. Eight injection wells were emplaced in the source zone area, with well screens spanning the vadose and saturated zones, and injected with ~250 kg of 1.7% KMnO₄ solution. Bench-scale studies using core material determined that DCE was readily degraded by KMnO₄, even at lower reagent concentrations (< 1 mM). The natural oxidant demand was determined to be 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ g of KMnO₄/g of sediment. Aqueous DCE levels dropped below detection after KMnO₄ solution was present.

A fast response vertical anemometer and wet and dry bulb thermocouples were used to measure the turbulence within a forest canopy. Five trials of ten minutes duration were run in each of a sixty-five foot high pine forest and a fifteen foot high lodgepole pine forest. [...]

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La méthode de reconstitution de l'histoire de la température à la surface du sol (HTSS) à partir de profils de température mesurés dans des forages est présentée et mise en application afin d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse à des questions portant sur les changements climatiques passés. La thèse est divisée en trois chapitres dont le premier porte principalement sur des aspects méthodologiques et les deux autres sur des problèmes de détermination des changements de températures de surface auxquels la méthode fournit des solutions. Le premier chapitre porte sur la sélection de profils de température lors de reconstitutions régionales de l'HTSS. Différents procédés de reconstitutions d'HTSS régionales à partir d'ensembles de profils de température sont comparés afin de déterminer quels avantages peut présenter une sélection de profils de température non contaminés par des perturbations non climatiques par rapport à une analyse globale de tous les profils mesurés. Les résultats montrent que la résolution ainsi que la stabilité des résultats sont grandement améliorées par une sélection minutieuse des profils de température. Non seulement l'inversion simultanée de profils très bruités n'améliore pas la résolution de la solution, mais l'inclusion de ces profils cause de fortes instabilités et peut fausser les résultats. Même si le nombre de profils non contaminés est généralement faible (par exemple, seuls 13 des 73 forages mesurés au Manitoba et en Saskatchewan sont considérés non contaminés), il est toujours préférable de sélectionner les profils afin d'obtenir une HTSS stable, fiable et ayant une bonne résolution. Si les profils contaminés par des perturbations non climatiques ne peuvent être éliminés, le meilleur moyen d'obtenir une HTSS stable est de faire la moyenne des inversions individuelles de chacun des profils, cependant la résolution de la solution sera très faible. Le deuxième chapitre présente une HTSS des 400 dernières années au site minier Raglan, situé dans le nord de la péninsule d'Ungava, déterminée à l'aide de profils de température mesurés dans des forages creusés dans le pergélisol. Des écarts très prononcées par rapport à l'état stationnaire sont observés dans les 200 premiers mètres des profils de température mesurés et sont interprétés comme ayant été causés par les variations récentes de la température à la surface du sol. Seul un des profils de température n'est pas affecté par des perturbations non climatiques et est donc analysé en détail à l'aide de trois méthodes indépendantes, soit deux méthodes d'inversion et une méthode directe. Les résultats montrent un réchauffement de 1.4 K entre le milieu du 18e siècle et 1940. Ce réchauffement est suivi d'une période de refroidissement caractérisée par une chute des températures de surface d'environ 0.4 K dura entre 40 et 50 ans. Depuis les 15 dernières années, les températures de surface ont bondi de plus de 1.7 K dans la région. Le troisième chapitre présente des HTSS de plus de 30000 ans déterminés par l'inversion de profils de température très profonds (2000 mètres) situés à divers endroits au Canada. Ces HTSS permettent entre autre de déterminer les températures à la base du glacier Laurentidien (températures basales) au dernier maximum glaciaire. Pour ce faire, quatre nouveaux profils très profonds mesurés à Sudbury et Manitouwadge sont analysés et interprétés conjointement avec quatre profils profonds déjà publiés (Flin Flon, Thompson, Balmertown et Sept-Îles). Une ré-analyse complète de tous les profils déjà publiés est effectuée afin de permettre une comparaison objective de tous les résultats. Les résultats montrent que sous la portion sud du glacier Laurentidien, les températures basales avaient des valeurs entre 0 et -2 °C au dernier maximum glaciaire. Ces résultats sont en accord avec les prédictions des modèles isostatiques et des observations de surface qui suggèrent que les températures basales devaient être près du point de fusion de la glace afin de permettre un écoulement rapide de la glace basale. Les reconstitutions de l'HTSS permettent également d'étudier l'amplitude et la chronologie de l'optimum climatique de l'Holocène pour chacun des sites étudiés. Les valeurs obtenues sont en accord avec les résultats de multiples études utilisant différents proxies. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Paléoclimatologie, Géophysique, Inversions, Reconstitutions climatiques, Températures de surface, Forages, Anomalies de température, Flux de chaleur.

Le Global Sourcing est aujourd'hui en pleine expansion car il offre aux entreprises une source potentielle de compétitivité dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel. Néanmoins, il génère aussi une complexification des flux et une fragilisation de la Supply Chain Globale. La problématique du Global Sourcing est vaste et touche les différents niveaux de décision de l'entreprise. Pour cela nous nous sommes focalisés dans ce travail sur les aspects tactiques et opérationnels de ce domaine. Nous avons abordé ainsi diverses questions : Quels leviers d'action pour un pilotage efficace des flux en approvisionnement lointain? Comment sécuriser les approvisionnements lointains dans le contexte industriel actuel ? Les politiques classiques de pilotage de flux sont-elles suffisantes pour les approvisionnements lointains ? En collaboration avec les partenaires industriels de la Chaire Supply Chain de l'Ecole Centrale Paris, nous avons abordé différentes facettes de cette problématique. Nous nous sommes intéressés tout d'abord à la prévision comme élément nécessaire au pilotage des flux lointains et nous avons proposé une méthodologie de sélection et de mise à jour de méthodes de prévision. Les délais longs en approvisionnement lointain font que les erreurs de prévision s'amplifient, ce qui nous a amenés à étudier l'erreur prévisionnelle. Nous avons proposé dans ce sens une modélisation fine de cette erreur et de son évolution en fonction de l'horizon temporelle de la prévision. Dans la dernière étape de ce travail, nous avons utilisé cette modélisation de l'incertitude pour piloter efficacement les flux lointains. Nous avons montré sur des cas réels issus de l'entreprise PSA l'efficacité de la méthode proposée en termes de respect du niveau de service avec un niveau de stock largement inférieur aux méthodes classiques.

Constraint-based models of metabolism seldom incorporate capacity constraints on intracellular fluxes due to the lack of experimental data. This can sometimes lead to inaccurate growth phenotype predictions. Meanwhile, other forms of data such as fitness profiling data from growth competition experiments have been demonstrated to contain valuable information for elucidating key aspects of the underlying metabolic network. Hence, the optimal capacity constraint identification (OCCI) algorithm is developed to reconcile constraint-based models of metabolism with fitness profiling data by identifying a set of flux capacity constraints that optimally fits a wide array of strains. OCCI is able to identify capacity constraints with considerable accuracy by matching 1,155 in silico-generated growth rates using a simplified model of Escherichia coli central carbon metabolism. Capacity constraints identified using experimental fitness profiles with OCCI generated novel hypotheses, while integrating thermodynamics-based metabolic flux analysis allowed prediction of metabolite concentrations.

In response to global climate change, many important earth-systems-oriented science programs have been established in the past. One such program, the Fluxnet program, studies the response of world forests and other natural ecosystems by measuring biospheric fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour, and energy with eddy-covariance (EC) techniques to assess the role of world ecosystems in offsetting increases in CO2 emissions and related impacts on global climate. The EC methodology has its limitations particularly when weather is inclement and during system stoppages. These limitations create non-trivial problems by creating data gaps in the monitored data stream, diminishing the integrity of the dataset and increasing uncertainty with data interpretation. This Thesis deals with the development of a parsimonious, semi-empirical approach for gap filling of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) data. The approach integrates the effects of environmental controls on diurnal NEP. The approach, because of its limited number of parameters, can be rapidly optimized when appropriate meteorological, site, and NEP target values are provided. The procedure is verified by applying it to several gap-filling case studies, including timeseries collected over balsam fir (Abies Balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests in New Brunswick (NB), Canada and several other forests along a north-south temperaturemoisture gradient from northern Europe to the Middle East. The evaluation showed that the model performed relatively well for most sites; i.e., r2 ranged from 0.68-0.83 and modelling efficiencies, from 0.89-0.97, demonstrating the possibility of applying the model to forests outside NB. Inferior model performance was associated with sites with less than complete input datasets.