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This M.A.Sc. work focuses on the development of a sensor to operate at industrially relevant conditions, directly in autoclaves, to generate accurate online free acidity estimates. The main goal is to obtain accurate (within 5% from titrated) free acid estimates at leach temperature while compensating for various metals in solution at high solid loadings. The electrodeless conductivity sensor and calibration technique that were developed in previous work have been improved upon for operation in slurry systems. The sensor operates at temperature on the basis of induction currents and is suitable for very concentrated solutions containing solid dispersions. Three systems have been investigated: limonitic feeds, limonite-saprolite blends, and a converter slag feed. Up to 40 wt.% solids were tested with investigation carried out from 25°C to 260°C. High quality estimates of acidity were produced for all systems studied, with the average difference between measured and titrated acidities being within 5%.

This M.A.Sc. work focuses on the development of a sensor to operate at industrially relevant conditions, directly in autoclaves, to generate accurate online free acidity estimates. The main goal is to obtain accurate (within 5% from titrated) free acid estimates at leach temperature while compensating for various metals in solution at high solid loadings. The electrodeless conductivity sensor and calibration technique that were developed in previous work have been improved upon for operation in slurry systems. The sensor operates at temperature on the basis of induction currents and is suitable for very concentrated solutions containing solid dispersions. Three systems have been investigated: limonitic feeds, limonite-saprolite blends, and a converter slag feed. Up to 40 wt.% solids were tested with investigation carried out from 25°C to 260°C. High quality estimates of acidity were produced for all systems studied, with the average difference between measured and titrated acidities being within 5%.

In this essay I will investigate some different opinions about how or whether we should change our views concerning moral responsibility if neuroscience shows that contra-causal free will is implausible and also argue that holding people morally responsible is not the best method of making people act morally. A common approach is to argue that we can hold people responsible in a non-absolute sense and many argue that this has practical benefits (i.e. that people would act more morally). I evaluate different alternatives and conclude that there are different beliefs and opinions that cause disagreement in this question. I argue that moral responsibility is implausible without the existence of contra-causal free will (because it is then just a question of luck what actions you will perform) and that it is more practical to shift our focus to other ways of changing people and not blaming them.

The purpose of this study is to examine the thermal and mechanical properties of various halogen-free laminates used in handheld electronic products and to correlate these properties to the manufacturing requirements and mechanical performance. Thermal properties determined for the laminates are the glass transition temperature, x,y,z-axis CTE, time to delamination at 260˚C and 288˚C, temperature to decomposition and interconnect stress test. SEM and EDS mapping analyses have been done on the laminates to determine the chemical composition and area fraction of the filler used in the epoxy. Three different fillers are identified from the laminates: Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, SiO2. Results show that the SiO2 fillers presented in the laminates reduce the z-axis CTE changes and increase the time to delamination. The x and y axis CTE is found to be lower than the z-axis CTE due to the glass fibers reinforcement in both the x and y directions. The temperature to decomposition is dependent on both the fillers and epoxy chemistry. Al(OH)3 starts to decompose above 200˚C and increases the rate of decomposition at 260˚C. Its decomposition also leads to an increase in z-axis CTE above 240˚C. Interconnect stress test results show that laminates with higher temperature to decomposition exhibit longer cycles to failure. Mechanical test results indicate that the halogenated laminates without fillers perform better than the halogen-free laminates with fillers. High fillers loading increase the flexural modulus and Vickers hardness properties of the laminates but decrease both the flexural strength and energy to fracture. Silica fillers in particular are susceptible to weaken these mechanical properties. Laminates without any fillers show plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix after fracture and result in a high energy to fracture. The adhesion of fillers to the matrix is important as the better the adhesion the higher the flexural strength is for the laminates. Results show that laminates with Al(OH)3 as the major filler have higher flexural strength than laminates with silica fillers, which also demonstrates that adhesion of the Al(OH)3 fillers are better than the silica. Laminates without any filler have higher copper peel strength than laminates with fillers.

The Toronto International Film Festival Group (tiff.) is the latest addition to an existing array of spectacles offered in Entertainment District of Toronto. Spectacles remove us from reality, surprise us, connect us with others, and allow us to participate as a part of a community. However, their extraordinary nature can be so enticing that they put us into a trance that can leave us vulnerable to political and economic influences. This thesis uses Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopias, or ‘other places’, to shed light on the values, characteristics and functions of spaces dedicated to these spectacles. These spaces exist in the grey zone between the political-public domain and the economic-private property. They are sanctuaries for events, activities and illusions that deviate from those of the commonplace. The Entertainment District is a heterotopia that reflects and fosters Toronto’s enjoyment and fascination with spectacles. This thesis looks at how the district can further its role as a heterotopia of spectacle by juxtaposing the existing experiences with a variety of contemporary experiences such as free play and film-related events introduced through John Street’s use of the concept of shared space and the introduction of a new home for tiff. Portions of John Street are transformed into continuous ground surfaces that encourage pedestrian circulation within the district, as well as the introduction of new spectacles. The new tiff. building situates itself along this continuous ground surface and extends up to the building’s edge and through laneways to an internal courtyard. The building reads as an incompatible cluster of skewed volumes with their own distinct function stacked on top of one another. The agitated and fragmented geometry of the building is developed through a series of governing lines and curves which sets themselves within the Cartesian grid of the city at irregular angles. These volumes are wrapped in a variety of opaque, transparent and translucent materials that frame views of events on the street, in the neighbourhood, and in the city. This thesis of discourse and design will be of interest to all those wishing to understand heterotopias or ‘other places’ dedicated to spectacles.

The purpose of this study is to examine the thermal and mechanical properties of various halogen-free laminates used in handheld electronic products and to correlate these properties to the manufacturing requirements and mechanical performance. Thermal properties determined for the laminates are the glass transition temperature, x,y,z-axis CTE, time to delamination at 260˚C and 288˚C, temperature to decomposition and interconnect stress test. SEM and EDS mapping analyses have been done on the laminates to determine the chemical composition and area fraction of the filler used in the epoxy. Three different fillers are identified from the laminates: Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, SiO2. Results show that the SiO2 fillers presented in the laminates reduce the z-axis CTE changes and increase the time to delamination. The x and y axis CTE is found to be lower than the z-axis CTE due to the glass fibers reinforcement in both the x and y directions. The temperature to decomposition is dependent on both the fillers and epoxy chemistry. Al(OH)3 starts to decompose above 200˚C and increases the rate of decomposition at 260˚C. Its decomposition also leads to an increase in z-axis CTE above 240˚C. Interconnect stress test results show that laminates with higher temperature to decomposition exhibit longer cycles to failure. Mechanical test results indicate that the halogenated laminates without fillers perform better than the halogen-free laminates with fillers. High fillers loading increase the flexural modulus and Vickers hardness properties of the laminates but decrease both the flexural strength and energy to fracture. Silica fillers in particular are susceptible to weaken these mechanical properties. Laminates without any fillers show plastic deformation of the epoxy matrix after fracture and result in a high energy to fracture. The adhesion of fillers to the matrix is important as the better the adhesion the higher the flexural strength is for the laminates. Results show that laminates with Al(OH)3 as the major filler have higher flexural strength than laminates with silica fillers, which also demonstrates that adhesion of the Al(OH)3 fillers are better than the silica. Laminates without any filler have higher copper peel strength than laminates with fillers.

The Toronto International Film Festival Group (tiff.) is the latest addition to an existing array of spectacles offered in Entertainment District of Toronto. Spectacles remove us from reality, surprise us, connect us with others, and allow us to participate as a part of a community. However, their extraordinary nature can be so enticing that they put us into a trance that can leave us vulnerable to political and economic influences. This thesis uses Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopias, or ‘other places’, to shed light on the values, characteristics and functions of spaces dedicated to these spectacles. These spaces exist in the grey zone between the political-public domain and the economic-private property. They are sanctuaries for events, activities and illusions that deviate from those of the commonplace. The Entertainment District is a heterotopia that reflects and fosters Toronto’s enjoyment and fascination with spectacles. This thesis looks at how the district can further its role as a heterotopia of spectacle by juxtaposing the existing experiences with a variety of contemporary experiences such as free play and film-related events introduced through John Street’s use of the concept of shared space and the introduction of a new home for tiff. Portions of John Street are transformed into continuous ground surfaces that encourage pedestrian circulation within the district, as well as the introduction of new spectacles. The new tiff. building situates itself along this continuous ground surface and extends up to the building’s edge and through laneways to an internal courtyard. The building reads as an incompatible cluster of skewed volumes with their own distinct function stacked on top of one another. The agitated and fragmented geometry of the building is developed through a series of governing lines and curves which sets themselves within the Cartesian grid of the city at irregular angles. These volumes are wrapped in a variety of opaque, transparent and translucent materials that frame views of events on the street, in the neighbourhood, and in the city. This thesis of discourse and design will be of interest to all those wishing to understand heterotopias or ‘other places’ dedicated to spectacles.

Turbulent liquid sheets have been proposed to protect solid structures in fusion power plants by attenuating damaging radiation. For the High-Yield Lithium-Injection Fusion Energy (HYLIFE-II) inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant concept, arrays of molten-salt sheets form a sacrificial barrier between the fusion event and the chamber first wall while permitting target injection and ignition. Thick liquid protection can help make fusion energy commercially attractive by reducing chamber size and prolonging chamber lifetime. Establishing an experimental design database for this basic building block flow will provide valuable information about various thick liquid protection schemes and allow reactor designers to establish acceptable tolerances between chamber components. Turbulent water sheets issuing downwards into ambient air were studied experimentally at Reynolds numbers of 53,000 ??0,000 and Weber numbers of 2,900 ??,000 based on average velocity and the short dimension of the nozzle exit ( and delta). Initial conditions were quantified by the streamwise (x) and transverse (z) velocity components using laser-Doppler velocimetry just upstream of the nozzle exit. Characterization of the mean free-surface position and free-surface fluctuations, or surface ripple, and estimation of the amount of mass ejected as droplets from the free surface were quantified in the near-field (within 25 and delta of the nozzle exit). Surface ripple and mean sheet geometry were determined directly from planar laser-induced fluorescence visualizations of the free surface. The droplets due to the turbulent breakup of the jet, termed here the hydrodynamic source term, were measured using a simple collection technique to within 1 and delta of the nominal free surface of the jet. The influence of various passive flow control techniques such as removing low-momentum fluid at the free surface (boundary-layer cutting) on sheet geometry, surface ripple, and turbulent breakup were also quantified. The data obtained in this research will allow designers of inertial fusion energy systems to identify the parameter ranges necessary for successful implementation of the thick liquid wall protection system.

This thesis presents a 3D stereoscopic interactive fish tank system that combines the 3D stereoscopy and ¡§controller-free¡¨ components. Based on the characteristics of human vision, when seeing the objects, the left eye image and right eye image will be slightly different, one can use the intensity information and the epipolar geometry to proceed matching, and then to generate the 3D depth information. This system allows a user to use gesture to do interaction. It estimates 3D objects depth information, and uses eyes distance, distance between the user and the sensor, disparity map to calculate the virtual objects¡¦ three-dimensional coordinate, and then transforms hand and virtual objects¡¦ coordinate into the same coordinate to allow accurate interaction. The system allows users to experience the innovative multi-media interactive entertainment.