In the last 35 years, several researchers have proposed, developed and tested different friction devices for seismic control of structures. Their research has demonstrated that such devices are simple, economical, practical, durable and very effective. However, research on passive friction dampers, except for few instances, has not been given appropriate attention lately. This has caused some of the results of old studies to become out-of-date, lose their validity in the context of today's design philosophies or to fall short on the expectations of this century's structural engineering. An analytical study on the behavior of friction devices and the effect they have on the structures into which they are incorporated has been undertaken to address the new design trends, codes, evaluation criteria and needs of today's society. The present study consists of around 7,000 structural analyses that are used to show the excellent seismic performance and economic advantages of Friction Damped Braced Frames. It serves, at the same time, to improve our understanding on their dynamic behavior. Finally, this thesis also sets the basis for future research on the application of this type of seismic energy dissipating systems.

Annular gas seal clearances were simulated with closely spaced parallel plates using a Flat?Plate tester. The device is designed to measure the pressure gradient along the test specimen. The main function of the Flat?Plate tester is to provide friction factor data and measure dynamic pressure oscillations. A detailed description of the test facility is described, and a theory for determining the friction factor is reviewed. Three clearances were investigated: 0.635, 0.381, and 0.254 mm. Tests were conducted at three different inlet pressures (84, 70, and 55 bars), producing Reynolds numbers range from 50,000 to 700,000. Three surface configurations were tested including smooth?on-smooth, smooth?on?hole, and hole?on?hole. The Hole?pattern plates are identical with the exception of the hole depth. The results indicate that, for the smooth?on?smooth and smooth?on?hole configurations, the friction factor remains constant or increases slightly with increasing Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the friction factor increases as the clearance between the plates increases. However, the results from the hole?on-hole configurations are quite different. A "friction?factor jump" phenomenon was observed, and the Helmholtz frequency was detected on the frequency spectra.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 78 pages. / Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on identifying hard material pairs with low roughness, high coefficient of static friction, high wear resistance and high modulus of elasticity, suitable for sliding in dry friction conditions under a normal load. A wide range of materials including various steels, various coatings on tool steels deposited by various deposition techniques and different ceramics were examined and considered for tribological testing. Procedures and sequences were developed for conducting tribology tests on the material pairs. High endurance - low cycle tests were conducted and based on the performance of material pairs with respect to friction, wear and surface roughness a small set of material pairs and coatings was selected for further testing. High endurance - high cycle tests were performed on an additional seventeen pairs of material pairs selected for long term sliding. / ABSTRACT: Material pairs were selected for low endurance tests based on high corrosion resistance along with all the above specified design parameters. Low endurance tests were conducted to identify material pairs sliding for a short distance in humid environments. Results are tabulated and pictures of the material pairs after wear tests are presented. It was found that four material pairs for high endurance applications and two pairs for the low endurance applications performed very well in regard of design specifications. These material pairs find a major application in friction clamps of an Inchworm motor resulting in enhancement of force output of the motor. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This thesis deals with the experimental description of friction between steel and wood materials, specifically laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and pine wood with two types of annual rings. It studies the influence of a number of different parameters on the coefficient of friction such as contact pressure, moisture content, fiber orientation in relation to the load direction, steel surface roughness, and horizontal load rate. First, the theoretical mechanical and physical properties as well as the coefficient of friction itself are described. This is followed by the description of the test setup including the test method and how the obtained data is exported, handled and processed and how the coefficient of friction is determined. The results study the influence of different parameters and show that the coefficients of friction for the smooth sliding plate tests vary in between 0.1 and 0.3, whereas tests with the rough sliding plate vary around 0.7. Factors influencing the coefficient of friction were found to be the different moisture content under all tested pressures, the different fiber direction under low contact pressure, the contact pressure itself, though under higher pressures the influence was found to be low, and the horizontal load rate under low pressures. The outcomes are further discussed in the discussion chapter.

Friction is one of the important parameters in metal forming processes since it affects metal flow in the die, forming load, strain distribution, tool and die life, surface quality of the product etc. The range of coefficient of friction in different metal forming applications is not well known and the factors affecting variation are ambiguous. Commercially available FEA packages input the coefficient of friction as constant among the whole process which is not a realistic approach. In this study, utility of user-subroutines is integrated into MSC SuperForm v.2004 and MSC Marc v.2003 FEA packages, to apply a variable coefficient of friction depending on the contact interface conditions. Instead of using comparatively simple friction models such as Coulomb, Shear (constant) models, friction models proposed by Wanheim-Bay and Levanov were used to simulate some cold forging operations. The FEA results are compared with the experimental results available in literature for cylinder upsetting. Results show that, large variation on the coefficient of friction is possible depending on the friction model used, the part geometry and the ratio of contact normal pressure to equivalent yield stress. For the ratio of contact normal pressure to equivalent yield stress values above 4, coefficient of friction values are approximately same for both friction models.

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Rick Neu; Committee Member: Itzhak Green; Committee Member: Jeffrey Streator

Um processo alternativo à solda por arco para aplicação em materiais de difícil junção ou em ambientes submersos é a solda por fricção. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um equipamento de solda por fricção para pesquisas e determinação de parâmetros ótimos de soldagem em diferentes meios. Para verificar o desempenho do equipamento foi utilizado o processo de solda por fricção de pinos consumíveis. Os registros das variáveis de soldagem permite avaliar o comportamento do sistema para a faixa de operação utilizada. Diferentes uniões de aço de baixo carbono e aço de baixa liga foram obtidas. Mediante análises macrográficas da junta foi avaliada a zona afetada pelo calor e a presença de regiões com possível falta de preenchimento. O controle servohidráulico desenvolvido apresenta uma resposta dinâmica adequada para esta aplicação, no entanto são apresentadas algumas propostas de melhorias. / An alternative process to the conventional arc welding for mating difficult-to-join materials or in underwater environment is friction welding. During this work a friction welding equipment was developed for research and determination of optimum welding parameters under different environments. To evaluate the equipment performance the friction hydro pillar processing method was used. Data acquisition of the welding parameters allows assessing the system behavior within the operational range. Joints of low carbon and low alloy steels have been obtained. Macrographic analyses of the weld joint were performed to evaluate the heat affected zone and the presence of unfilled regions. The servohydraulic control developed have shown an adequate dynamic response for this application, nevertheless some improvements are proposed.

Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted for the development of alternative materials for better performance of brake pads. With a huge selection of materials, automobile manufacturers must prioritize the performance standards, safety, cost and environmental factors of the brake pads. To improve the friction performance of brake pads, maintain customers comfort level and environment safety, design engineers test and verify the best materials to satisfy the federal performance standards. Raw materials of brake pads compose of different categories such as organic, semi metallic and low-metallic. Besides the difference in composition, these materials affect the brake pads in terms of friction properties, wear rates and noise levels. It is crucial for engineers and manufacturers to improve friction stability while minimizing vibration by manipulating the composition of different raw materials and additive materials. Automotive brake pads normally consist of numerous metallic and composite materials that are formed by hot compression which can result in various mechanical properties [14]. This research proposes to investigate different composition of metallic raw materials and how their frictional performance is affected under different environmental testing standards. This research investigates the frictional performance of six types of raw materials with different mechanical properties and morphology using a universal mechanical tester (Bruker UMT). This paper examines the overall friction performance, coefficient of friction and creep groan behavior of six different raw materials under different humidity levels. By scrutinizing the static and kinetic coefficient of friction(COF) at different humidity levels, humidity-induced friction instability at low speed is studied and presented in this paper. After performing friction tests for each material, it was concluded that the friction performance and kinetic coefficient of friction of the brake pad samples were drastically affected by longer exposure to humid air.

Um processo alternativo à solda por arco para aplicação em materiais de difícil junção ou em ambientes submersos é a solda por fricção. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um equipamento de solda por fricção para pesquisas e determinação de parâmetros ótimos de soldagem em diferentes meios. Para verificar o desempenho do equipamento foi utilizado o processo de solda por fricção de pinos consumíveis. Os registros das variáveis de soldagem permite avaliar o comportamento do sistema para a faixa de operação utilizada. Diferentes uniões de aço de baixo carbono e aço de baixa liga foram obtidas. Mediante análises macrográficas da junta foi avaliada a zona afetada pelo calor e a presença de regiões com possível falta de preenchimento. O controle servohidráulico desenvolvido apresenta uma resposta dinâmica adequada para esta aplicação, no entanto são apresentadas algumas propostas de melhorias. / An alternative process to the conventional arc welding for mating difficult-to-join materials or in underwater environment is friction welding. During this work a friction welding equipment was developed for research and determination of optimum welding parameters under different environments. To evaluate the equipment performance the friction hydro pillar processing method was used. Data acquisition of the welding parameters allows assessing the system behavior within the operational range. Joints of low carbon and low alloy steels have been obtained. Macrographic analyses of the weld joint were performed to evaluate the heat affected zone and the presence of unfilled regions. The servohydraulic control developed have shown an adequate dynamic response for this application, nevertheless some improvements are proposed.

L'optimisation de nombreux procédés technologiques requiert une compréhension approfondie des phénomènes de frottement des papiers. Nous avons donc cherché à mieux comprendre ces phénomènes pour tenter d'améliorer la séparation des enveloppes dans les machines à affranchir. Les méthodes normalisées de mesure du frottement papier-papier se sont tout d'abord avérées limitées en termes de répétabilité et de conditions expérimentales. Nous avons donc développé deux méthodes de mesure, l'une à faible et l'autre à haute vitesses. Nous avons aussi adapté la mesure du frottement aux différents contacts papier rencontrés dans les machines à affranchir. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé ces méthodes pour étudier les mécanismes responsables du frottement avec le matériau papier. Nous avons notamment étudié (i) la dépendance du frottement papier-papier à la direction et longueur du déplacement, (ii) l'influence de la température et de l'humidité sur le frottement papier-papier et (iii) les principales caractéristiques frictionnelles des contacts enveloppe-enveloppe, papier-rouleau et papier-patin. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons développé un modèle complet de la séparation des enveloppes dans une machine à affranchir. Cette séparation vise à déplacer, sans l'abimer, l'enveloppe inférieure d'une pile – et uniquement cette enveloppe. Le modèle a permis d'identifier, de caractériser et de proposer une optimisation des principaux paramètres de ce procédé. / The improvement of numerous technological processes requires a deep understanding of the paper friction phenomena. Thus, we tried to obtain a better understanding of those phenomena to improve the envelopes separation in franking machines. The standad methods for measuring the paper-on-paper friction force appeared to be limited in terms of repeatability and experimental conditions. Thus, we developed two experimental methods, at low and high speeds, respectively. We also adapted the friction measurement methods to the different contacts found in franking machines. We then used those methods to study the mechanisms responsible for the friction with the paper materials. In particular, we studied (i) the dependency of the paper-on-paper friction to the direction and length of the displacement, (ii) the influence of temperature and humidity on the paper-on-paper friction, and (iii) the main frictional properties of the envelope-on-envelope, rollers-on-paper, and pads-on-paper contacts, respectively. To finish with, we developed a model of the envelopes separation inside a franking machine. This process aims at displacing - with no damage - the bottommost envelope of a stack - and only this envelope. The model allowed us to identify, to characterize, and to propose an optimization of the main process parameters.