Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-08-07T14:59:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_mestrado_Carla Lang.pdf: 1090969 bytes, checksum: 1a54204915e84b680485beadcfce6175 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T14:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_mestrado_Carla Lang.pdf: 1090969 bytes, checksum: 1a54204915e84b680485beadcfce6175 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-21 / Amazon species identification in different ontogenetic stages by near infrared spectroscopy Precise identification of species requires high level of knowledge by taxonomists and presence of reproductive material. This represents a major limitation for those working with seedlings and juveniles, which differ morphologically from adults and do not bear reproductive structures. Near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) was previously shown to be effective in species discrimination of adult plants, so if young and adults have the same spectral signature, discriminant functions based on FT-NIR spectra of adults can be used to identify young. We tested this with a sample of 419 plants in 16 species within Protium and Crepidospermum (Burseraceae). We obtained 12 spectral readings per leaf, from adaxial and abaxial surfaces of dried leaves and compared the rate of correct predictions of species with discriminant functions for different combinations of readings. We obtained an average, over all species, of 75% correct identifications of young plants by discriminant equations developed based only on adults, when the most informative wavelengths were selected. Most species were well predicted (75-100% correct identifications) and only three had poor predictions (27-60%). This occurred despite of the spectra of young individuals being distinct of those of adults when species were analyzed individually. When young and adults individuals are included in the same discriminant function, correct predictions of external samples attained 99%. Some of the poorly predicted species were re-evaluated by an expert in the family in a blind procedure and proven to be a mixture of samples in different species. Even considering some limitations, concluded that FT-NIR has a high potential in identification of species even in different ontogenetic stages. Key words: Burseraceae, leaves, species discrimination, FT-NIR, ontogenetic stages / A identificação das espécies de plantas exige um alto nível de conhecimento de taxonomistas e a presença de material reprodutivo. Isso representa uma das grandes limitações para quem trabalha com plântulas e juvenis, os quais diferem morfologicamente dos adultos e ainda não apresentam estruturas reprodutivas. Estudos prévios demonstraram que a espectroscopia do infravermelho próximo (FT-NIR) é eficaz na discriminação de espécies de plantas em estádio adulto, logo se indivíduos jovens e adultos possuirem uma assinatura espectral semelhante, funções discriminantes baseadas em leituras espectrais de indivíduos adultos poderiam ser usadas para identificar plântulas e juvenis. Testamos isto com uma amostra de 429 espécimes de 16 espécies dentre os gêneros Protium e Crepidospermum (Burseraceae). Para isso coletamos 12 leituras espectrais, abaxial e adaxial, de folhas secas e comparamos as taxas de predições corretas das espécies para diferentes conjuntos de dados e modelos discriminantes. Obtivemos uma média, sobre todas as espécies, de 75% de acertos nas identificações dos jovens quando as funções discriminantes foram construídas com base nos adultos e com a seleção dos comprimentos de onda mais informativos. A maior parte das espécies foi bem predita (75-100% de identificações corretas) e apenas três espécies tiveram baixas predições (27-60%). Isso ocorreu devido os espectros dos jovens serem distintos dos espectros dos adultos quando as espécies foram analisadas individualmente. Quando jovens e adultos foram incluídos na função discriminante, amostras externas foram preditas corretamente, alcançando 99% de acerto. Algumas das espécies mal preditas foram novamente avaliadas por um perito da família por um procedimento cego e comprovou-se uma mistura de amostras de diferentes espécies. Mesmo considerando algumas limitações, concluimos que a FT-NIR tem um elevado potencial na identificação de espécies, mesmo em diferentes estádios ontogenéticos. Palavras chave: Burseraceae, folhas, discriminação de espécies, FT-NIR, fases ontogenéticas

This Diploma Thesis deals with the production of butter and buttermilk. In the introduction it informs us about the technology of butter production, there are also the history, the composition and the using butter and its assortment explained. During the production of butter other product -- buttermilk is formed as its secondary product. The Thesis also describes the technology of buttermilk production and its composition. It also focuses on the positive influence of acid buttermilk in case of its regular consumption. The positive influence is mainly caused by the content of benefited lactic acid bacteria. The final part of literature summary comes nearer to the importance and the use of spectroscopy which is measured in the infrared radiation area. It also clarifies the importance close infrared spectroscopy and also concerns with some problems of chemometrics. The problems explain the using of the statistic method in the evaluation of results of the measurement in this work. In the practical part of the Thesis forty samples of fermented buttermilk taken from supermarket chains were compared and evaluated. We were analyzing their pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, fat and protein. After finishing measuring these samples via spectrometer Nicolet FT NIR (spectra in the range from 4000 to 10 000 cm-1) the results were assessed via TQ Analyst software and by using paired T-test to the middle value.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-25T21:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-ÉRITON GONÇALO RUBEM.pdf: 2575591 bytes, checksum: d7e93a9078f655ec22ccea74a604b55e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-07T13:20:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-ÉRITON GONÇALO RUBEM.pdf: 2575591 bytes, checksum: d7e93a9078f655ec22ccea74a604b55e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-07T13:27:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-ÉRITON GONÇALO RUBEM.pdf: 2575591 bytes, checksum: d7e93a9078f655ec22ccea74a604b55e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-07T13:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-ÉRITON GONÇALO RUBEM.pdf: 2575591 bytes, checksum: d7e93a9078f655ec22ccea74a604b55e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-14 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Wood when exposed to sunlight undergoes chemical degradation surface which causes a change of color and weakening its mechanical strength. This process of surface degradation is commonly called weathering process. Although providing satisfactory results, the conventional methods of analysis expose the operator to hazardous environments and / or toxic materials necessary in the analyzes. An alternative to traditional destructive evaluation would be to use non-destructive methods for evaluating properties of wood. As an option to perform the analysis nondestructively technology emerges near infrared Fourier transform (FT-NIR), which gives information about the chemical properties of a sample. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of weathering on the main macroconstituintes wood (cellulose and lignin) through FR-NIR technology. To achieve the proposed objective we chose to use timber waste from three Amazonian forest species: Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi), Tauari (Couratari stellata) and Marupá (Simarouba amara) chosen for having high, medium and low density respectively and relative insertion timber market in the Amazon region. The samples were subjected to methods of natural and artificial weathering, where the natural weathering test lasted a year and the artificial weathering test lasted 27 weeks. The samples were analyzed weekly with the FT-NIR spectrophotometer over the period of natural and artificial weathering tests. The test results showed changes in spectra during the processes of natural and artificial weathering and UV light prove that the chemical structure of modified wood by decomposition of the chemical constituents and the formation of lignin-related cellulose compounds. In the natural and artificial weathering test maçaranduba takes longer to break down cellulose and lignin, but with the increase in period of weathering, the peaks related to pulp and lignin change and decrease and tend. The rate of decomposition of the wood surface is characteristic of each species. / A madeira quando exposta à radiação solar sofre degradação química superficial que provoca uma mudança de cor e um enfraquecimento da sua resistência mecânica. Esse processo de degradação superficial é comumente chamado de processo de intemperização. Apesar de apresentarem resultados satisfatórios, os métodos de análise convencionais expõem o operador aos ambientes de risco e/ou materiais tóxicos indispensáveis nas análises. Uma alternativa à tradicional avaliação destrutiva seria o uso de métodos não destrutivos para avaliar as propriedades da madeira. Como opção para realização das análises de forma não destrutiva surge a tecnologia de infravermelho próximo com transformada de Fourier (FT-NIR), que permite obter informações sobre as propriedades químicas de uma amostra. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do intemperismo nos principais macroconstituintes da madeira (celulose e lignina) através da tecnologia FR-NIR. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto optou-se pela utilização de resíduos madeireiros de três espécies florestais amazônicas: Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi), Tauari (Couratari stellata) e Marupá (Simarouba amara) escolhidas por apresentarem alta, média e baixa densidade respectivamente e relativa inserção no mercado madeireiro da região Amazônica. As amostras foram submetidas aos métodos de intemperização natural e artificial, onde o teste de intemperização natural teve duração de um ano e o teste de intemperização artificial teve a duração de 27 semanas. As amostras foram analisadas semanalmente com o espectrofotômetro FT-NIR durante o período dos testes de intemperização natural e artificial. Os resultados dos testes mostraram alteração nos espectros durante os processos de intemperização natural e artificial e provam que a luz UV modificou a estrutura química da madeira por meio da decomposição de constituintes químicos da lignina e da formação de compostos relacionados à celulose. No teste de intemperismo natural e artificial a maçaranduba demora mais para decompor a celulose e a lignina, porém com o aumento do período de intemperização, todas as bandas referentes à celulose e à lignina se alteram e tendem e diminuir. A velocidade de decomposição da superfície da madeira é característica de cada uma das espécies estudadas.

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Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study shows Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy's application on wine, fruit and dried fruit for quantitative determinations or as a discriminative method for classification purposes. During wine production optimum yeast growth, resulting in healthy alcohol fermentation rates, is monitored by the amount of free amino nitrogen (FAN) present in the must. The status of malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Chardonnay wines is monitored by determining the degree of conversion of malic to lactic acid. Ethyl carbamate (EC), a suspected carcinogen, is mainly formed during ageing of wine and is restricted by legislation in some countries. It is therefore necessary to determine the EC content in wine. Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy can be used on wine as a rapid method to measure the °Brix (residual sugars) content of must and to discriminate between different must samples in terms of their FAN values. It can also be used as a rapid method to discriminate between Chardonnay wine samples in terms of the MLF status and between table wine samples in terms of the EC content. Calibrations were derived and it was found that a very strong correlation existed in the sample set for the FT-NIR spectroscopic predictions for °Brix (r = 0.99, SEP = 0.31%), but poorer correlations for the FAN (r = 0.405, SEP = 275%), malic acid (r = 0.64, SEP = 1.02%), lactic acid (r = 0.61, SEP = 1.35%) and EC predictions (r = 0.47, SEP = 3.6%). When soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) was applied as a discriminative method, the must and wine samples were classified in terms of their FAN and EC values and MLF status, respectively, obtaining results with recognition rates exceeding 80%. The canning of peaches has become a significant industry in South Africa, producing approximately 4.1 million cartons per year. Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was applied as an alternative non-destructive method for the quantitative determination of the total soluble solid (TSS) content of whole fresh peaches. The TSS content of fresh clingstone peaches is an indication of the internal quality, maturity and perceived sweetness of the fruit for the peach canning industry. By determining the TSS, fresh peaches can be graded and the farmers compensated accordingly. Results obtained by building QUANT+™calibrations for the TSS content (r = 0.96, SEP = 0.55%) showed acceptable accuracy and can replace the present destructive methods. Peak periods during the harvesting season necessitate storage of peaches for up to three weeks before canning. Approximately 5 - 10% of the peaches stored, disintegrate during canning due to loose skin, large stone cavities, soft flesh and rot. The storage potential of fresh clingstone peaches can be successfully predicted with FT-NIR and SIMCA models, using subjective internal quality evaluations. Results with recognition rates exceeding 80% were obtained in most cases and this method proved useful as a non-destructive method of quality assessment. By applying this method, losses caused when storing peaches with poor storage quality will be reduced. The golden sultana industry plays an important role in the dried fruit exporting market of South Africa. Due to the large numbers of consignments that must be checked upon arrival, and the need for rapid decision making during processing, it is essential to replace the present time-consuming analytical methods. Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was used as a rapid, analytical technique to determine whether the S0₂ and moisture contents of sultanas are within specifications upon arrival at the factory and during processing. High positive correlation was found between the measured values and those predicted by FT-NIR spectroscopy for S0₂ (r = 0.99, SEP = 24.09%) and moisture (r = 0.99, SEP = 0.051 %) contents. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie dui op Fourier transformasie naby-infrarooi (FT-NIR) spektroskopie se toepassing op wyn, vrugte en droëvrugte vir die uitvoer van kwantitatiewe bepalings of vir klassifikasie doeleindes om as 'n diskriminasie metode te dien. Gedurende wynproduksie word die optimum groei van giste wat lei tot 'n gesonde alkohol fermentasie gemonitor deur die hoeveelheid vry-aminostikstof (VAS) wat in die mos teenwoordig is te bepaal. Die status van appelmelksuurgisting (AMG) in Chardonnay wyne word gemonitor deur die mate van omskakeling van appelsuur na melksuur te bepaal. Etielkarbamaat (EK), 'n vermoede karsinogeen wat hoofsaaklik in verouderde wyne voorkom, word in sekere lande deur wetgewing beperk en dus die bepaling van die EK inhoud van wyne noodsaak. Fourier transformasie naby-infrarooi spektroskopie kan op mos toegepas word as 'n vinnige metode vir die bepaling van °Brix (residuele suiker) en om tussen die monsters te onderskei in terme van hulle VAS inhoud. FT-NIR kan ook gebuik word as 'n vinnige metode om tussen Chardonnay monsters te onderskei op grond van die status van AMG en tussen tafelwyn monsters op grond van die EK inhoud. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel en daar is gevind dat baie sterk korrelasies bestaan in die monsterstel vir die FT-NIR spektroskopiese voorspelling van °Brix (r = 0.99, SEP = 0.31%), maar swakker korrelasies vir die VAS (r = 0.405, SEP = 275%), appelsuur (r = 0.64, SEP = 1.02%), melksuur (r = 0.61, SEP = 1.35%) en EK voorspellings (r = 0.47, SEP = 3.6%). Met die toepassing van soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) as diskriminasie metode, is die mos- en wynmonsters geklassifiseer op grond van hul VAS en EK waardes en die status van AMG, en herkenningswaardes van bo 80% is onderskeidelik behaal. Die inmaak van perskes het 'n beduidende industrie in Suid-Afrika geword en produseer jaarliks ongeveer 4.1 miljoen kartonne. Fourier transformasie nabyinfrarooi spektroskopie is toegepas as alternatiewe, nie-beskadigende metode om kwantitatiewe bepalings van die totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOV) inhoud van heel vars perskes, te doen. Vir die perske inmaak-industrie is die TOV inhoud van vars taaipitperskes 'n aanduiding van interne kwaliteit, rypheid en die soetheid van die vrugte. Vars perskes kan gradeer word deur die TOS te bepaal en sodoende kan boere oreenkomstige vergoeding ontvang. Resultate' wat verkry is deur QUANT+™ kalibrasies vir TOS inhoud te ontwikkel (r = 0.96, SEP = 0.55%), dui op aanvaarbare akkuraatheid en kan die huidige metodes vervang. Tydens oestyd kom piektye voor wanneer dit soms nodig is om perskes vir tot drie weke op te berg voordat dit ingemaak kan word. Ongeveer 5 tot 15% van hierdie opgebergte perskes disintegreer tydens inmaak omdat opberging lei tot defekte in die perskes soos skille wat loskom, groot pitholtes, sagte vleis en vrot. Die opbergingspotentiaal van vars taaipitperskes kan suksesvol voorspel word deur FTNIR en SIMCA modelle te bou en subjektiewe interne kwaliteitsevaluerings daarop toe te pas. Herkenningsresultate wat 80% in die meeste gevalle oorskry, is behaal wat hierdie metode as 'n suksesvolle nie-beskadigende kwaliteitbepalingsmetode bewys. Hierdie metode sal verliese kan beperk wat voorkom as gevolg van opberging van perskes met swak opbergingskwaliteit. Die goue sultana industrie speel 'n belangrike rol in die droë vrugte uitvoermark van Suid-Afrika. As gevolg van die hoeveelheid monsters wat gelyktydig getoets moet word en besluite wat vinnig geneem moet word tydens prosessering, is dit belangrik om die huidige tydrowende analitiese metodes te vervang. Fourier transformasie naby-infrarooi spektroskopie is gebruik as 'n vinnige, analitiese tegniek om tydens ontvangs by die fabriek en gedurende prosessering te bepaal of die S0₂- en voginhoud van goue sultanas binne die spesifikasies val. Goeie positiewe korrelasie is gevind tussen die bepaalde en voorspelde FT-NIR spektroskopiese waardes vir SO₂- (r = 0.99, SEP = 24.09%) en voginhoud (r = 0.99, SEP = 0.051 %).