El presente proyecto propuso un método experimental de medición de temperaturas internas con el fin de estudiar, comparar y entender la respuesta térmica frente al frío y al calor de cuatro células de ensayo denominadas Control (Sin vegetación) y tres células de ensayo con diferentes combinaciones de vegetación (cubiertas y fachadas) instaladas en una región de clima tropical. En ellas fueron medidas las temperaturas superficiales internas (TSI) y temperaturas del Bulbo Seco (TBS) mediante equipos específicos, un data logger, conectado a dos multiplicadores. Los datos fueron recogidos por un año y dentro de ese periodo fueron seleccionados los días críticos a estudiar. Varios datos climatológicos fueron considerados para abordar la influencia de las oscilaciones del tiempo meteorológico (episodios climáticos) en el ambiente interno construido, para lo cual fueron aplicados fundamentos de la Climatología Dinámica frente al comportamiento térmico de las células de ensayo. Los datos de las principales variables climáticas (radiación solar, humedad relativa y precipitación) fueron registradas en la Estación Meteorológica del CRHEA. Los resultados revelan que la célula de ensayo con vegetación en cubierta y fachadas, presenta más resistencia a las variaciones de temperaturas diarias, es decir, mejor comportamiento térmico, ya que muestra las menores amplitudes térmicas, los mayores retrasos térmicos, las menores temperaturas en días de calor extremo y las mayores en días de frío. Durante el día crítico de calor, las mayores diferencias entre las temperaturas máximas internas del aire, se presentan entre la célula construida con materiales convenciones y la célula que posee fachadas verdes y cubierta vegetal, de 2ºC y en torno a 3ºC en el caso de las temperaturas superficiales. Para el día crítico de frío, la diferencia entre ellas es de 1ºC para los valores de temperatura del aire, y de 2.2ºC para valores de temperaturas superficiales. Así, uso de vegetación en los edificios puede ser considerado una técnica capaz de mantener las condiciones internas más placenteras no solo en épocas calurosas, reduciendo la incidencia de la radiación solar directa, sino también en invierno, debido a su propiedad de aislante térmico que impide las rápidas pérdidas de calor, como ocurre en la célula sin vegetación. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las hipótesis planteadas fueron alcanzadas, comprobando así, que el uso de vegetación combinado en fachadas y cubiertas contribuye a la mejora del comportamiento térmico, favoreciendo las condiciones térmicas internas en periodos de mayor o menor temperatura externa. / The present research proposed an experimental method for measuring internal temperatures of buildings, in order to study, compare, and understand the thermal response of four test cells against cold and heat, determined: control (without vegetation) and three test cells with different combinations of vegetation (on roofs and/or facades); installed in a tropical climate region. Internal surface temperatures (IST) and dry bulb temperatures (DBT) were measured using appropriate equipment, consisting of a data logger connected to two multipliers. Data were collected for one year and, during that period, the critical days that would be assessed were selected. Climatic data were considered in order to evaluate the influence of weather oscillations (climatic events) on the internal built environment, for which the principles of Dynamic Climatology were applied to understand the thermal behaviour of the test cells. The data obtained from the primary climatic variables (solar radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation) were recorded at the CRHEA. The results showed that the test cell with a green roof and green facades displayed higher resistance to changes in daily temperature, i.e., better thermal behavior, since it faced lower temperature intervals, higher thermal delays, lower temperatures on days of extreme heat, and higher temperatures on cold days. With respect to the critical heat day, the main differences between maximum internal air temperatures occurred between the cell constructed with conventional material and the cell that was built with green facades and a green roof, of 2°C in relation to the internal air temperature, and approximately 3°C with respect to surface temperatures. Regarding the critical cold day, the difference between test cells was of 1°C for air temperature values, and 2.2°C for surface temperature values. Therefore, the use of vegetation in construction can be considered a technique capable of maintaining the most pleasant indoor conditions, not only in hot climates, reducing the incidence of direct solar radiation, but also in the winter, due to thermal insulation properties that prevent the rapid loss of heat, which occurs in cells lacking vegetation. The obtained results show that the initial hypotheses were proven, thus confirming that the application of vegetation on facades and roofs contributes to the improvement of thermal performance, favoring internal thermal conditions during periods of higher or lower external temperatures.

El presente proyecto propuso un método experimental de medición de temperaturas internas con el fin de estudiar, comparar y entender la respuesta térmica frente al frío y al calor de cuatro células de ensayo denominadas Control (Sin vegetación) y tres células de ensayo con diferentes combinaciones de vegetación (cubiertas y fachadas) instaladas en una región de clima tropical. En ellas fueron medidas las temperaturas superficiales internas (TSI) y temperaturas del Bulbo Seco (TBS) mediante equipos específicos, un data logger, conectado a dos multiplicadores. Los datos fueron recogidos por un año y dentro de ese periodo fueron seleccionados los días críticos a estudiar. Varios datos climatológicos fueron considerados para abordar la influencia de las oscilaciones del tiempo meteorológico (episodios climáticos) en el ambiente interno construido, para lo cual fueron aplicados fundamentos de la Climatología Dinámica frente al comportamiento térmico de las células de ensayo. Los datos de las principales variables climáticas (radiación solar, humedad relativa y precipitación) fueron registradas en la Estación Meteorológica del CRHEA. Los resultados revelan que la célula de ensayo con vegetación en cubierta y fachadas, presenta más resistencia a las variaciones de temperaturas diarias, es decir, mejor comportamiento térmico, ya que muestra las menores amplitudes térmicas, los mayores retrasos térmicos, las menores temperaturas en días de calor extremo y las mayores en días de frío. Durante el día crítico de calor, las mayores diferencias entre las temperaturas máximas internas del aire, se presentan entre la célula construida con materiales convenciones y la célula que posee fachadas verdes y cubierta vegetal, de 2ºC y en torno a 3ºC en el caso de las temperaturas superficiales. Para el día crítico de frío, la diferencia entre ellas es de 1ºC para los valores de temperatura del aire, y de 2.2ºC para valores de temperaturas superficiales. Así, uso de vegetación en los edificios puede ser considerado una técnica capaz de mantener las condiciones internas más placenteras no solo en épocas calurosas, reduciendo la incidencia de la radiación solar directa, sino también en invierno, debido a su propiedad de aislante térmico que impide las rápidas pérdidas de calor, como ocurre en la célula sin vegetación. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las hipótesis planteadas fueron alcanzadas, comprobando así, que el uso de vegetación combinado en fachadas y cubiertas contribuye a la mejora del comportamiento térmico, favoreciendo las condiciones térmicas internas en periodos de mayor o menor temperatura externa. / The present research proposed an experimental method for measuring internal temperatures of buildings, in order to study, compare, and understand the thermal response of four test cells against cold and heat, determined: control (without vegetation) and three test cells with different combinations of vegetation (on roofs and/or facades); installed in a tropical climate region. Internal surface temperatures (IST) and dry bulb temperatures (DBT) were measured using appropriate equipment, consisting of a data logger connected to two multipliers. Data were collected for one year and, during that period, the critical days that would be assessed were selected. Climatic data were considered in order to evaluate the influence of weather oscillations (climatic events) on the internal built environment, for which the principles of Dynamic Climatology were applied to understand the thermal behaviour of the test cells. The data obtained from the primary climatic variables (solar radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation) were recorded at the CRHEA. The results showed that the test cell with a green roof and green facades displayed higher resistance to changes in daily temperature, i.e., better thermal behavior, since it faced lower temperature intervals, higher thermal delays, lower temperatures on days of extreme heat, and higher temperatures on cold days. With respect to the critical heat day, the main differences between maximum internal air temperatures occurred between the cell constructed with conventional material and the cell that was built with green facades and a green roof, of 2°C in relation to the internal air temperature, and approximately 3°C with respect to surface temperatures. Regarding the critical cold day, the difference between test cells was of 1°C for air temperature values, and 2.2°C for surface temperature values. Therefore, the use of vegetation in construction can be considered a technique capable of maintaining the most pleasant indoor conditions, not only in hot climates, reducing the incidence of direct solar radiation, but also in the winter, due to thermal insulation properties that prevent the rapid loss of heat, which occurs in cells lacking vegetation. The obtained results show that the initial hypotheses were proven, thus confirming that the application of vegetation on facades and roofs contributes to the improvement of thermal performance, favoring internal thermal conditions during periods of higher or lower external temperatures.

Orientador: Maria Solange Gurgel de Castro Fontes / Resumo: As fachadas verdes são variedades de jardins verticais em que a vegetação do tipo trepadeira cresce e se desenvolve em superfícies verticais e podem ser classificadas em diretas e indiretas. A primeira cresce diretamente na parede da edificação, enquanto a segunda necessita de estruturas de suporte fixadas ou afastadas da mesma. Devido ao poder de sombreamento e às funções biológicas das trepadeiras, as fachadas verdes funcionam como dispositivos de amenização térmica, uma vez que sua cobertura vegetal bloqueia a passagem de grande parte da radiação solar para dentro da edificação. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa, de caráter experimental, teve como objetivo determinar e quantificar a atenuação de radiação solar de fachadas verdes indiretas com três diferentes espécies de trepadeiras (Ipomoea horsfalliae, Passiflora Edulis e Thunbergia grandiflora) em um espaço de transição situado no Campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista, em Bauru-SP. A pesquisa objetivou, ainda, verificar a influência das fachadas verdes nos microclimas (temperatura do ar, de globo e umidade absoluta do ar) de um espaço de transição com e sem a influência das mesmas. Além disso, foram analisados os aspectos morfológicos das espécies selecionadas que estão diretamente ligados com seu Potencial de Sombreamento (PSO) e, consequentemente, a atenuação da radiação solar promovida pela vegetação. Os resultados demonstram que, quanto maior o PSO das espécies, maior seu poder de atenuação da radiação solar. Assim, f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The green facades are varieties of vertical gardens in which the climber grows and develops on vertical surfaces and can be classified as direct and indirect. The first one grows directly on the wall of the building, while the second needs support structures attached to or away from it. Due of their shading power and the biological functions of climbers, green facades act as thermal mitigation devices, since their vegetation cover blocks the passage of much of the solar radiation into the building. In this context, this experimental research aimed to determinate and quantify the solar radiation attenuation of indirect green facades with three different species of climbers (Ipomoea horsfalliae, Passiflora edulis e Thunbergia grandiflora) in a transitional space located on the Campus of the State University of São Paulo, in Bauru-SP. The research also aimed to verify influence of green facades on local microclimates (air temperature, globe temperature and absolute air humidity) at points with influence of green facades and without influence of them. In addition, the morphological aspects of the selected species that are directly linked with their Shading Potential (PSO) and, consequently, the solar radiation attenuation promoted by the vegetation were analyzed. The results show that the higher the PSO of the species, the greater their solar radiation attenuation power. Thus, maximum attenuations of up to 92, 94 and 90% were obtained for Passiflora edulis (PSO 0,75), Ipomoea hor... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre