Thesis (M.S.)--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-190).

The primary controls on subsurface reservoir heterogeneities and fluid flow characteristics are sedimentary facies architecture and petrophysical rock fabric distribution in clastic reservoirs and in carbonate reservoirs, respectively. Facies models are critical and fundamental for summarizing facies and facies architecture in data-rich areas. Facies models also assist in predicting the spatial architectural trend of sedimentary facies in other areas where subsurface information is lacking. The method for transferring geological information from different facies models into digital data and then generating associated numerical models is called facies modeling or geological modeling. Facies modeling is also vital to reservoir simulation and reservoir characterization analysis. By extensively studying and reviewing the relevant research in the published literature, this report identifies and analyzes the best and most detailed geologic data that can be used in facies modeling, and the most current geostatistical and stochastic methods applicable to facies modeling. Through intensive study of recent literature, the author (1) summarizes the basic concepts and their applications to facies and facies models, and discusses a variety of numerical modeling methods, including geostatistics and stochastic facies modeling, such as variogram-based geostatistics modeling, object-based stochastic modeling, and multiple-point geostatistics modeling; and (2) recognizes that the most effective way to characterize reservoir is to integrate data from multiple sources, such as well data, outcrop data, modern analogs, and seismic interpretation. Detailed and more accurate parameters using in facies modeling, including grain size, grain type, grain sorting, sedimentary structures, and diagenesis, are gained through this multidisciplinary analysis. The report concludes that facies and facies models are scale dependent, and that attention should be paid to scale-related issues in order to choose appropriate methods and parameters to meet facies modeling requirements. / text

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A crescente demanda por novas fronteiras exploratórias na geologia do petróleo e a melhoria do conhecimento dos reservatórios atuais, nos leva à necessidade de estudos detalhados sobre as rochas reservatórios e sua capacidade de acumulação de hidrocarbonetos. A análise de afloramentos ao longo de um perfil longitudinal contínuo, da borda da plataforma até a fundo da bacia onde os depósitos da Formação Cingöz (Mioceno Inferior ao Médio), Bacia de Adana, Turquia, teve como objetivo caracterizar mudanças na arquitetura de lobos turbidíticos ao longo do perfil deposicional, a partir da análise de associações de fácies, hierarquia e geometria dos lobos. Dois leques submarinos foram estudados, o Leque Oriental e o Ocidental. Dez associações de fácies foram identificadas com base na razão N:G, grau de amalgamação, distribuição de fácies, tamanho de grão modal, porcentagem de arenitos espessos, presença de laminações de ondulações de correntes e camadas gradadas, revelando padrões de distribuição espacial das associações de fácies. Quatro níveis hierárquicos dentro da arquitetura foram reconhecidos. O elemento básico, uma camada (bed) (espessura máxima de 1,9 m), representa sedimentos depositados em um único evento, o próximo nível hierárquico, elemento de espraiamento (splay element) (espessura máxima de 7,8 m) é empilhado para formar o lobo (lobe) (espessura entre 9,5 a 22 m); lobos empilhados formam o complexo de lobos (lobe complex) (espessura máxima de 40 m). Um total de 13 lobos (A a M) foi identificado. As dimensões estimadas do lobo (comprimento e largura), baseadas na taxa de afinamento obtida pela correlação entre os perfis colunares sedimentares, indicam uma espessura média de cerca de 15 m (máximo de 22 m), o comprimento varia de 5 a 12 km e a largura de 3 a 10 km. A razão comprimento/largura (L/W) (1,1 a 1,8) indica lobos sub-radiais à alongados. Os blocos construtores representados pelos níveis hierárquicos demonstram a importância da topografia do assoalho oceânico no controle do grau de confinamento e das trajetórias das correntes de turbidez. A análise das tendências verticais das camadas mostrou que a tendência geral é controlada por elemento de espraiamento empilhados. Em ambientes proximais (alto N: G) a sucessão é simétrica, tornando-se mais assimétrica à medida que a relação N: G diminui distalmente. Essa "assimetria distal" é interpretada como resultante do deslocamento lateral do elemento de espraiamento. Assim, o padrão de empilhamento dos lobos no Leque Oriental foi interpretado como agradacional, com algum empilhamento por compensação. Os lobos estratigraficamente inferiores são mais confinados e menores devido à ocorrência do talude ao norte e depósitos antigos ao sul. Os lobos superiores foram desenvolvidos em um sistema menos confinado, com direção preferencial da paleocorrent para NE, como todos os lobos da região. Em geral, os lobos foram construídos em um ambiente semi-confinado. A Formação Cingöz registra uma história evolutiva complexa. A interpretação da arquitetura dos lobos aponta para uma mudança sutil no grau de confinamento e nas direções de paleocorrente, que sugerem uma sobreposição de parte do Leque Oriental sob o Leque Ocidental contemporâneo. / The increasing demand for new exploratory frontiers in Petroleum Geology and the improvement in knowledge of the current ones has prompted detailed studies on reservoir rocks and their potential for hydrocarbon accumulation. The analysis of outcrops along a continuous longitudinal profile, from the shelf edge to the bottom of the basin where deep-water deposits of the Cingöz Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene), Adana Basin, Turkey, purposed to characterize changes in the architecture of turbidite lobes along the depositional profile, based on the analysis of facies associations, lobe hierarchy and geometry. Two submarine fans were studied, the Eastern and the Western Fans, with the main lobes described in the eastern part of the Eastern Fan. Ten facies associations were identified on the basis of N-G ratio, degree of amalgamation, facies distribution, modal grain size, percentage of thick sandstones, presence of current ripple laminations and graded beds, revealing patterns of spatial distribution of the facies associations. Four hierarchical levels within lobe architecture were recognized. The basic element, a bed (maximum thickness of 1.9 m) represents sediments deposited in a single event; the next hierarchical level, splay element (maximum thickness of 7.8 m) are stacked to form a lobe (thickness between 9.5 and 22 m); stacked lobes form a lobe complex (maximum thickness of 40 m). A total of 13 lobes (A to M) was identified. Estimated of lobe dimensions (length and width), based on the thinning rate obtained from correlation of sedimentary logs, indicate average thickness of about 15 m (maximum 22 m), length varying from 5 to 12 km and width, 3 to 10 km. The L/W (1.1 to 1.8) indicates sub-radial to elongate lobes. Lobe building blocks represented by the hierarchical levels demonstrate the importance of basin-floor topography in controlling the degree of confinement and paths for turbidity currents. Analysis of vertical bed trends showed that the overall tendencies controlled by stacked splay elements. In proximal environments (high N:G), successions are symmetrical, becoming more asymmetrical as the N:G ratio decreases distally. This ―distal asymmetry‖ is interpreted as resulting from the shift of splay elements. Hence, the stacking pattern of lobes in the Eastern Fan was interpreted as aggradational, with some compensational stacking. Stratigraphically lower lobes are more confined and smaller due to the occurrence of the slope to the north and ancient deposits to the south. Upper lobes were developed in a less confined system, with preferential palaeocurrent direction towards NE, like all lobes in that region. Overall, the lobes were built in a semi-confined setting. The Cingöz Formation records a complex evolutionary history. Interpretation of lobe architecture points to a subtle change in the degree of confinement and palaeocurrent directions that suggest an overlapping of part of the Eastern Fan onto the coeval Western Fan.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-114).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. Title from title screen (viewed Sept. 20, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-114). Online version of the print original.

Cone penetration tests (CPTs) have been developed for engineering investigations of sands and finer sediments. CPTs produce high resolution, repeatable and continuous records to depths of several tens of metres, and resemble wireline logs used in the petroleum industry. It is the objective of this dissertation to demonstrate that they can be used for facies analysis in a similar manner, by using these data to develop a facies model for the modern Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada. CPT data provide reliable estimates of sediment type and gram size, so that bed thicknesses, sharp and gradational contacts, coarsening and fining upward sequences, bed continuity and dips can be readily identified. The facies model of the Fraser delta is based on a database of over 800 CPTs and 20 continuously cored boreholes. These data demonstrate that the topset is dominated by a nearly continuous sharp-based sand unit that is 8 to 30 m thick, fines upward and is interpreted to represent a complex of distributary channel deposits. The widespread distribution of this sand unit is the result of distributary channel migration in a tidal flat setting and avulsion or channel switching in the upper delta plain. The sand unit is gradationally overlain by a thinner sequence of interbedded sands and silts deposited in tidal flat, abandoned channel and floodplain environments. Deposits of the upper foreset (<60 m) dip up to 7° seaward and are dominated by silts, interbedded and interlaminated with sands. Several intergradational facies, ranging from dominantly silt to dominantly sand, occur and represent increasing proximity to active distributary mouths. These sediments are organized into metre-scale sandy and silty coarsening-upward sequences that are interpreted to represent annual deposits, and sharp-based sand units that represent sedimentary gravity flow deposits. Deeper foreset deposits are dominated by bioturbated silts. The distribution of facies on both the topset and the foreset has been controlled by the interaction of tidal and fluvial processes. CPT data played a key role in developing this facies model of the Fraser River delta. Most facies have distinct CPT signatures. For example, the topset sand unit and overlying deposits have a CPT signature comparable to the “bell-shaped” gamma ray log signature typical of channel deposits. In the foreset, the seaward dips, the coarsening upward sequences and the sharp-based sands are readily observable on CPT data. Although cores were essential to confirm the facies significance of these signatures, the large volume of CPT data permitted recognition of facies distributions and relationships “at a glance” throughout the delta, rather than at the relatively few site where continuous cores were available. Furthermore, CPTs can be acquired for a fraction of the cost of continuous cores, so that CPT data are potentially an invaluable tool for stratigraphic investigations of other modern sedimentary environments dominated by sands and finer sediments. / Graduate