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Female labor force participation rate in Turkey has been consistently lower than the participation rate in many of the similar developing countries. In addition to country specific factors that prevent increased participation of women, the Turkish economy has been passing through a liberalization program since 1980s which also affects the structure of female labor force in many aspects. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the patterns in the position of women in the labor force during 1988 -2008 in Turkey. The period under concern can be identified as one under which the country has largely completed its transformation within the structural reform programs. A major question that is investigated in this thesis is whether the female labor force has been affected differently than men during the period under concern. Employing structural decomposition and the factor content analyses, impacts of changing production patterns and foreign trade on female labor force are examined. Hence, the present study constitutes a basis for studies that aim to develop policy implications for increased female labor force participation in Turkey.

In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird untersucht welche Wirkungen der Industriegüterhandel auf die Beschäftigung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Indiens hat. Dazu werden die Implikationen der handelstheoretischen Modelle der Neoklassik, der Neuen sowie der Neu-Neuen Handelstheorie abgeleitet und erörtert. Es schließt sich eine empirische Analyse an, die sich an Jenkins und Sen (2006) orientiert. Dabei werden zunächst der Faktorgehalt sowie die Handelsstruktur analysiert. Um die Beschäftigungseffekte zu quantifizieren, erfolgt eine Zerlegung des Beschäftigungswachstums. Es wird auch untersucht, inwiefern die handelsinduzierte Wettbewerbsintensivierung zu einem effizienteren Arbeitseinsatz geführt hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die handelsinduzierten Beschäftigungseffekte im Beobachtungszeitraum zwar positiv, aber vergleichsweise gering ausgefallen sind. Gleichzeitig wirkt sich die Entwicklung der Handelsstruktur zunehmend negativ auf das potentielle Beschäftigungswachstum aus, sodass auf Basis der hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse nicht davon auszugehen ist, dass zukünftige Handelsflüsse einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Schaffung neuer Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten leisten können. / This paper investigates the employment effects of trade in the manufacturing sector in India. In a first step the theoretical implications of different trade theories, including the Neoclassical, the New and the New-New trade theory, are discussed. The employment effects are then analyzed from an empirical perspective, where the approach is taken from Jenkins and Sen (2006). The analysis comprises a factor content analysis of trade flows and a decomposition of employment growth. It is also examined whether the trade induced increase in competition has led to a more efficient use of labor. The results show, that the employment effects have been positive over the whole observation period. However, they are comparatively small. Additionally, the development of the trade structure lowers the potential of trade induced employment growth. Based on these results, it can be concluded that future trade flows will not significantly help to create new jobs in the manufacturing sector in India.

This thesis consists of four independent essays that deal with several measurement aspects within the field of international trade. The measurement problems addressed are related to measuring the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports or measuring tax evasion Essay 1, The Human Capital Content of Trade and its Measurement. Evidence from Swedish Data, deals with various measurement problems related to calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports. This builds on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek extension to the Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. Essay 2, Product Quality Adjustment and the Human Capital Content of Trade. A New Computational Framework, builds on the same theoretical background, but introduces a quality-adjustment in the calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports, which builds on the idea underlying vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT). Quality adjustment is performed, first, by assuming that a product sold at a higher price has a higher quality than the same product sold at a lower price and, second, by assuming that a highquality product implies a higher content of skilled labour than a low-quality product. Essay 3, Estimation of commodity-by-commodity input–output matrices, focuses on a new method in constructing symmetric input-output tables (SIOTs), which has been termed the Bohlin and Widell model, using data contained within supply- and use-tables (SUTs). One key contribution is that it makes it possible to estimate SIOTs in cases when the underlying SUTs are rectangular. The method also addresses the problem of negative coefficients, a long-standing issue encountered in the derivation of SIOTs. Essay 4, Tax evasion in Kenya and Tanzania: Evidence from missing imports, focuses on estimating the amount of tax evasion in trade between Kenya and Tanzania. The study is empirically focused, and the measurement errors in reported trade flows between both countries are correlated with tax rates, to determine whether the measurement error increases with the tax rate.