abstract: The construction industry is becoming more aware of its impact on the environment. It has become more sensitive to how it operates and how it can reduce the carbon footprint of the construction process. This research identifies the source of and quantities of the carbon emissions created by an operating modular home fabrication plant in producing, transporting and installing modular structures. This study demonstrates how to measure the carbon footprint created in the production of a modular home. It quantifies and reports the results on a home, on a single module and on a per square foot basis. The primary conclusions of this study are: a) electricity was found to be the largest energy source used in this fabrication process; b) the modular fabrication process consumes a significant amount of electrical energy per month; c) production volume has a bearing on the carbon footprint of each home since the carbon footprint for each period is allocated to every home produced in that period; and d) transportation of fabricated modules and set-up add to the carbon footprint. Further, a carbon calculator was produced and is included with the study. The tool calculates the impact of energy consumption on the carbon footprint of a modular factory or a modular home. It may be expanded to other process driven fabrication entities. This research is valuable to developers and builders who wish to measure the carbon impact of a modular new home delivery system. The study also provides a methodology for modular home fabricators to measure the carbon footprint of their factories and factory production. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Construction 2010

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit untersucht die Thematik der Vorfertigung im Holzbau und zielt darauf ab, einen umfassenden Einblick zu der Entwicklung, den Praktiken, den Herausforderungen und Potentialen zu geben. Angesichts des steigenden Fachkräftemangels sowie der wachsenden Nachfrage nach bezahlbarem, qualitativ hochwertigem Wohnraum stellt die Produktion im Werk eine entscheidende Komponente für die zukünftige Entwicklung der Bauindustrie dar. Dabei wird die Integration von automatisierten Lösungen und Robotik thematisiert. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen der Integration solcher Systeme zu untersuchen und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Umsetzung in Werkhallen abzuleiten. Um einen ausgewogenen Überblick zu gewährleisten, basiert die Untersuchung auf einer Analyse der traditionellen Vorfertigung und deren Limitation. Dabei werden zusätzlich automatisierte Technologien berücksichtigt. Ein Hauptaugenmerk liegt darauf, wie Robotik in diesem Kontext den Produktionsprozess optimieren kann. Im Zuge dieser Analyse werden Vorteile wie Effizienzsteigerung, Produktivität, Präzision und Ressourcenmanagement sowie potenzielle Herausforderungen in Bezug auf eine hohe Anfangsinvestition, Schulungsbedarf und Flexibilitätseinschränkungen herausgestellt. Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse, aus der Quellenarbeit und den Experteninterviews, zeigen die wachsende Bedeutung der Integration von Robotik in der Vorfertigung im Holzbau und verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung und Entwicklung in diesem Bereich. Die vorliegende Arbeit legt einen Grundstein für das Verständnis der Vorfertigungsprozesse, die Integrationsmöglichkeit verschiedener Technologien und fördert das Verständnis der Potenziale und Herausforderungen, die mit der Nutzung dieser Technologien einher gehen. ...:1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen der Vorfertigung 2.1 Vorfertigung 2.1.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 2.1.2 Intention und Voraussetzungen der Vorfertigung 2.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des Bauens mit vorgefertigten Elementen 2.1.4 Kritische Gegenüberstellung zur konventionellen Produktion 2.2 Automatisierung und Digitalisierung im Kontext 2.2.1 Begriffsabgrenzung 2.2.2 Notwendigkeit des Ausbaus der Vorproduktion im Holzbau 2.2.3 Analyse der aktuellen Vorproduktionsprozesse in der Werkhalle 3 Effizienzsteigerung durch Prozessanalysen und Automatisierung 3.1 Identifizierung von Engpässen und Schwachstellen 3.2 Einsatz moderner Technologien und Maschinen 3.2.1 Fertigungsform 3.2.2 Materialzuführung 3.2.3 Varianten des Aufbaus 3.3 Automatisierung – Chancen und Herausforderungen 4 Der robotergestützte Ansatz in der Werksfertigung des Holzbaus 4.1 Einführung in den robotergestützten Ansatz 4.1.1 Grundprinzipien 4.1.2 Aufbau 4.1.3 Konvertierung der Daten 4.1.4 Varianten des Aufbaus 4.1.5 Auswahl des passenden Roboters 4.2 Vor- und Nachteile des robotergestützten Ansatzes 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel 5 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.1 Gegenüberstellung der Fertigungsmethoden 5.2 Handlungsempfehlung für die Integration in Werkshallen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Literaturverzeichnis Online - Quellen Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang / This bachelor thesis explores the topic of prefabrication in timber construction and aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the development, practices, challenges and potentials. In view of the increasing shortage of skilled workers and the growing demand for affordable, high-quality housing, factory production is a crucial component for the future development of the construction industry. The integration of automated solutions and robotics will be addressed. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibilities and challenges of integrating such systems and to derive recommendations for action for implementation in factory buildings. To ensure a balanced overview, the study is based on an analysis of traditional prefabrication and its limitations. Automated technologies are also taken into account. A main focus is on how robotics can optimise the production process in this context. In the course of this analysis, benefits such as increased efficiency, productivity, precision and resource management are highlighted, as well as potential challenges in terms of high initial investment, training needs and flexibility limitations.The main findings from the source work and the expert interviews show the growing importance of the integration of robotics in prefabrication in timber construction and highlight the need for further research and development in this area. This thesis lays a foundation for understanding the prefabrication processes, the integration possibilities of different technologies and promotes the understanding of the potentials and challenges associated with the use of these technologies. The work emphasises the importance of further research and implementation of robotics in prefabrication to ensure the competitiveness and sustainability of the timber construction industry and to drive innovative advances.:1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen der Vorfertigung 2.1 Vorfertigung 2.1.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 2.1.2 Intention und Voraussetzungen der Vorfertigung 2.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des Bauens mit vorgefertigten Elementen 2.1.4 Kritische Gegenüberstellung zur konventionellen Produktion 2.2 Automatisierung und Digitalisierung im Kontext 2.2.1 Begriffsabgrenzung 2.2.2 Notwendigkeit des Ausbaus der Vorproduktion im Holzbau 2.2.3 Analyse der aktuellen Vorproduktionsprozesse in der Werkhalle 3 Effizienzsteigerung durch Prozessanalysen und Automatisierung 3.1 Identifizierung von Engpässen und Schwachstellen 3.2 Einsatz moderner Technologien und Maschinen 3.2.1 Fertigungsform 3.2.2 Materialzuführung 3.2.3 Varianten des Aufbaus 3.3 Automatisierung – Chancen und Herausforderungen 4 Der robotergestützte Ansatz in der Werksfertigung des Holzbaus 4.1 Einführung in den robotergestützten Ansatz 4.1.1 Grundprinzipien 4.1.2 Aufbau 4.1.3 Konvertierung der Daten 4.1.4 Varianten des Aufbaus 4.1.5 Auswahl des passenden Roboters 4.2 Vor- und Nachteile des robotergestützten Ansatzes 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel 5 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.1 Gegenüberstellung der Fertigungsmethoden 5.2 Handlungsempfehlung für die Integration in Werkshallen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Literaturverzeichnis Online - Quellen Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang

Textile manufacture in England had always employed a high proportion of women and this continued to be the case during the period 1760-1850. However, these industries underwent dramatic changes in both the nature and location of production, and women’s employment opportunities altered. Whilst in some cases technological advances reduced the strength required to perform a given process, making women more attractive to employers, this was not always the case. Urbanisation and factory production increased trade union influence, which often acted to the detriment of women’s access to well-paid occupations. The long standardised hours worked away from the home typically required of factory workers made it harder for women to combine textile work with the mothering and domestic responsibilities expected of them. As well as making it harder for women to work throughout their life, this discouraged investment in human capital of females by both themselves and their parents. Ideological resistance to women’s work outside of the home increased as the Industrial Revolution progressed. The more formalised work hierarchy created by factory production meant that resistance to female authority became increasingly important for denying women access to the best paid occupations. Ideology was not merely a response to material factors, but helped determine decisions made by economic actors. This thesis draws on a number of parliamentary reports over the period 1802-67. Not only do these reports provide a wealth of qualitative information, they also contain quantitative information which enables me to track male and female factory earnings over the life-cycle, by region and industry. The information in the parliamentary reports is used in conjunction with business records of various firms, covering both domestic and factory workers, as well as the writings of numerous contemporary observers.

Based on the description and definition of technology and processes falling within the vision of the fourth industrial revolution with the aim of creating intelligent factories, this diploma thesis deals with the principles of the Industry 4.0 concept in Hilti's production plant with a focus on transport and supply of production equipment. The aim of the work is to create a comprehensive proposal that takes into account all the necessary aspects associated with upgrading the existing state of inter-operational transport in a particular production line to fully automated, flexible and autonomous transport of materials and products in the context of Industry 4.0. A prerequisite for creating a design is the connection of automatically guided vehicles (AGVs) serving individual transport orders. The selection of the vehicle was made taking into account the safety of movement, the method of charging, the system and network integrity of existing and proposed technologies and components. The intention is not only to automate the inter-operational service, but also on the basis of the created automation concept, the ability to autonomously procure the flow of material and products. The mathematical calculation of capacity planning in the production line helped to determine the total load and the number of vehicles needed for continuous procurement of transport requirements. The result of the design part is also the design of specific transport routes and transport conditions that AGV vehicles must comply with in order to maintain a high level of safety. Transparency and a constant overview of transported products is provided by the presented scheme for identification of production batches, Auto-ID system. The financial efficiency of the whole project elaborated in the diploma thesis is evaluated as payable after 4 years from the implementation of the proposal. The financial efficiency of the whole project elaborated in the diploma thesis is evaluated as payable after 4 years from the implementation of the proposal due to high labor costs.