Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Marco Antonio Martin Biaggioni / Banca: Valeria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Monica Sarolli Silva de Mendonca Costa / Banca: Juliana Bega Junqueira / Resumo: O Brasil produz anualmente 30 bilhões de litros de etanol de cana de açúcar com previsão do Ministério de Minas e Energia de atingir 36 bilhões de litros em 2024. A vinhaça é o resíduo líquido, rico em potássio e matéria orgânica que resulta da destilação do etanol, na proporção de 10 a 15 litros de vinhaça para cada litro de etanol. Disposto indevidamente, pode trazer sérios riscos para o ambiente devido ao alto potencial poluidor. Os estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul, possuem normas específicas sobre disposição desse resíduo, mas não atingem por completo o objetivo de controlar e mitigar os problemas, pois a disposição final da vinhaça se resume unicamente na fertirrigação sem qualquer outro tratamento. No presente trabalho, realizado no Laboratório de Biomassa do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP de Jaboticabal, analisou-se a biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça, caracterizando-se a produção de biogás e a redução do potencial poluidor. Para tanto, foram efetuados estudos de viabilidade técnica da biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça analisando os parâmetros: neutralização do pH da vinhaça, utilização do reciclo e estabilização da temperatura da vinhaça. Para os três parâmetros citados foram registrados e analisados dados referentes a: produção de biogás (m3), composição do biogás (% de CH4 e CO2) e redução do potencial poluidor da vinhaça após biodigestão anaeróbia (DQO). No que diz respeito a produção do biogás, os resultados considerados relevantes foram na correção do pH (aumento de 97,5%) e no aquecimento do afluente (aumento de 79%). Em relação a composição do biogás, obteve-se, aumento de 9% de metano redução de 3,6% de dióxido de carbono quando se aquece o afluente. Quando se utiliza reciclo a redução de DQO aumentou em 50% e o aquecimento do ... / Abstract: The Brazil annually produces 30 billion liters of ethanol from sugar cane with the Ministry of Mines and Energy forecast to reach 36 billion liters in 2024. The stillage is the liquid waste, rich in potassium and organic matter resulting from the distillation of ethanol in the proportion of 10 to 15 liters of vinasse per liter of ethanol. Willing improperly, can pose serious risks to the environment due to the high pollution potential. The states of São Paulo, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, have specific rules on disposal of this waste, but do not reach completely in order to control and mitigate the problems because the final disposal of vinasse comes down solely in fertigation without any other treatment . In this study, conducted at the Laboratory of Biomass Department of Rural Engineering of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of Jaboticabal UNESP, analyzed the anaerobic digestion of vinasse, characterizing the production of biogas and reduce the pollution potential. Therefore, technical feasibility studies of anaerobic digestion of vinasse were made by analyzing the parameters: pH neutralization of vinasse, use of recycling and stabilization of vinasse temperature. For the three mentioned parameters were recorded and analyzed data for: biogas production (m3), biogas composition (% CH4 and CO2) and reduced pollution potential of vinasse after anaerobic digestion (COD). As regards the production of biogas, the results were considered significant at pH correction (increase of 97.5%) and heating the influent (79% increase). For biogas composition was obtained, an increase of 9% methane 3.6% reduction of carbon dioxide when heated affluent. When COD reduction using recycled increased by 50% and heating affluent allowed increased the reduction by 62%, demonstrating the technical feasibility of this study. To determine the economic feasibility ... / Doutor

Bibliography: pages 134-147. / Pollution control regulations directed at the land-based factories of the Southern African fish processing industry do not appear to promote the required level of investment in pollution control systems. Two self-administered mail-questionnaires comprising undisguised fixed-alternative and open-ended questions were constructed to survey the opinions and viewpoints of a census consisting of twenty-seven senior managers responsible for making pollution control investments in the demersal and pelagic sectors of the fish processing industry. The first questionnaire was directed at establishing the relative importance of factors that influence waste and pollution control investment decisions as well as the perceptions and preferences of managers with regard to various pollution control policy options. Descriptive statistics such as the modal class were used to summarize the distribution of opinions and viewpoints within the research population. Rank ordered preference data was analyzed using a multidimensional unfolding computer algorithm. This structural multivariate statistical method is a special case of non-metric multidimensional scaling that generates perceptual maps which can aid in the discovery of the hidden structure underlying multidimensional decisions. Investments in waste and pollution control do not appear to have a high priority when compared to other strategic investments that the fish processing industry managers may make. The relative importance of factors that could influence the managers of the industry to invest in waste control equipment appear to be determined by the perceived financial returns that can be expected from such investments. Findings suggest that pollution control legislation is rendered ineffective due to inadequate enforcement. However, it appears that existing legislation needs to be rationalized in order to facilitate compliance. The most favoured pollution control instruments were those that lowered the cost of legally mandated expenses such as subsidies and income tax allowances. These were followed by permit systems which specified the allowable characteristics of discharges while allowing individual companies freedom of choice as to the method of achieving compliance. The second questionnaire was used to verify the researcher's interpretation of the findings and preliminary conclusions drawn from the replies to the first questionnaire.

The sorption of unformulated (98% pure) and formulated (86% pure + adjuvants) metolachlor to peat, rubber, and steam-exploded wood was studied. The concentration of pesticide ranged from 50 mg/L to 400 mg/L. Equilibrium concentrations for the batch reactors were reached within 24 hr. The sorption data for both unformulated and formulated metolachlor were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Metolachlor was preferentially sorbed in the following order: rubber > peat > wood fibers, with removal efficiencies of 80-85%, 70-80% and 50-65%, respectively. Differences in slopes of the isotherm lines and K values were negligible for each sorbent-type tested for both unformulated and formulated metolachlor. These results suggest that the presence of surfactants did not affect the sorption capacity of the sorbents at the concentration levels tested. However, isotherm plots showed S-shaped curve behavior for all of the sorbents in the presence of unformulated metolachlor, while a C-shaped curve was seen when the sorbents were mixed with formulated metolachlor. This suggests that different bonding mechanisms may be involved for the sorption of unformulated and formulated metolachlor to the sorbents. Various procedures were studied to improve removal efficiencies of formulated metolachlor. Sorption of metolachlor to peat was enhanced by hydrating the peat and pre-treating the peat with HCI. Circulation of formulated metolachlor through a rubber-packed column showed the greatest removal, with only 6 mg/L of the initial 400 mg/L remaining in solution. Removal efficiencies of steamexploded wood fibers were not improved by any of the methods investigated. / Master of Science

No description available.

A study was made of existing methods of management, treatment and disposal of water and wastewater effluents at a large aerospace facility (Martin Marietta Aerospace) in Central Florida. Water consumption and handling were evaluated, with emphasis being placed on the handling of plating wastes, since they are the main contributor of industrial wastewater pollutants at the facility. The flow, storage, and treatment of the plating wastes were studied. Literature concerning plating wastes was surveyed to determine the latest "state of the art" on handling of plating pollutants. Then, the "state of the art" processes were compared with the existing processes to determine the need for improvements. This comparison resulted in recommendations for improvements to the existing facility.

No description available.

Ultrafiltration studies were conducted to determine a treatment approach to remove color and organic carbon from the pulp and paper wastewaters at the Union Camp Corporation, Franklin, VA. Analysis of data collected during this research indicate that ultrafiltration can produce an effluent with less than 5 color units and less than 5 mg/L TOC (99% and 97% removal respectively). The data also indicate that biotreatment of the wastes prior to ultrafiltration removes the smaller molecular weight organic compounds, making ultrafiltration more effective. Pretreatment by pH adjustment and alum coagulation were not effective in improving ultrafiltration performance. Concentration studies indicate that volume reductions up to 95% may be accomplished without excessive membrane fouling. Membrane cleaning with caustic, hypochlorite and detergent produced identical results. It is expected that ultrafiltration would be a more cost effective method of color and TOC removal than coagulation, and would not require sludge disposal. / M.S.

Pretreatment of the textile dye wastewater was accomplished using reducing agents. The reducing agents studied were sodium hydrosulfite, thiourea dioxide, and sodium borohydride. Preliminary tests were conducted using just the reducing agents. Although there was color reduction, the reduced wastewater was inhibitory to biological degradation. Additional tests were conducted with sodium hydrosulfite. These included reductions followed by pH adjustment, nutrient addition, pH adjustment and nutrient addition, and lime addition. These tests were also successful in reducing the color but were not biologically degradable. Reduction of the dye wastewater followed by oxidation, however, provided positive results (color reduction and biodegradation). A series of reduction/oxidation experiments on the textile wastewater were performed: treatment of 17 percent, 33 percent, 67 percent, and 100 percent of the textile wastewater stream. The wastewater is composed of 75 percent textile and 25 percent municipal wastewater. For the 17, 33, and 67 percent of the textile wastewater pretreated with reduction/oxidation, untreated textile and municipal wastewater were added before transfer into sequencing batch reactors for biological treatment. For the 100 percent textile wastewater stream, the initial, untreated parameters were: 2650 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) color; 780 mg/L COD; 211 mg/L TOC; and 182 mg/L BOD. The reduction/oxidation pretreatment followed by biological treatment resulted in effluent values of 615 ADMI color (77 percent reduction), 310 mg/L COD (60 percent reduction), 82 mg/L TOC (61 percent reduction), and 62 mg/L BOD (66 percent reduction). / Master of Science

Combined activated sludge-fixed film media treatment systems are an interesting innovation in treatment technology. By adding media into the aeration basin, increased biomass concentrations may be maintained with little or no increase in solids loading to the clarifier. The ideal combined system can treat higher organic and ammonia loadings than a conventional system, and is more resistant to temperature changes and shock loadings. Overloaded plants can be outfitted with media as an alternative to plant expansion, and initial designs of combined systems can result in smaller aeration basins and clarifiers in places of land scarcity. / Master of Science

The requirements for a wastewater treatment plant microcomputer based Laboratory and Operations Information System (LOIS) were considered. Emphasis was placed on combining data generated by the laboratory and the operations divisions of the Alexandria Sanitation Authority. Goals were established to meet the information needs of key decision makers within the Authority and external information consumers such as regulatory authorities and design engineers. Integration of laboratory analysis and plant operational data was of prime importance. A series of related computer programs was developed to manage laboratory and operational data and calculate results derived from both sources. The programs stressed data integrity, flexible report generation, statistical and graphical data analysis, and ease of use. A program was developed to address laboratory quality control data management and the production of quality control charts. The computer programs were written in a generic fashion so as to be applicable to other water or wastewater treatment plants and to provide maximum flexibility for future expansion. Programs were developed in a modular fashion to allow greater ease of maintenance and revision in the future. Common subroutines were employed wherever possible. Some report generation subprograms were written specifically to the requirements of the Alexandria Sanitation Authority. / Master of Science