Master of Science / Department of Plant Pathology / Karen A. Garrett / Ari Jumpponen / Traditional fallow periods in the Bolivian highlands are being shortened in an effort to increase short-term crop yields, with potential long-term impacts on soil communities. Using 454-pyrosequencing, we characterized fungal and bacterial community responses to (1) the length of fallow period and (2) the presence of the plants Parasthrephia sp. or Baccharis sp. (both locally known as ‘thola’). Thola is widely considered by farmers as beneficial to soil health, although it is also frequently harvested as a source of fuel by farmers. Soils in one study area, Ancoraimes, had higher levels of organic matter, nitrogen and other macronutrients compared to the other study area, Umala. In our analyses, Ancoraimes soils supported more diverse fungal communities, whereas Umala had more diverse bacterial communities. Unexpectedly, the longer fallow periods were associated with lower fungal diversity in Umala and lower bacterial diversity in Ancoraimes. Fungi assigned to genera Verticillium, Didymella, and Alternaria, and bacteria assigned to genera Paenibacillus, Segetibacter, and Bacillariophyta decreased in abundance with longer fallow period. The presence of thola did not significantly affect overall soil fungal or bacterial diversity, but did increase the frequency of some genera such as Fusarium and Bradyrhizobium. Our results suggest that fallow period has a range of effects on microbial communities, and that the removal of thola from the fields impacts the dynamics of the soil microbial communities.

Les cultures intermédiaires délivrent des services écosystémiques de réduction de la lixiviation de nitrate et de production de l’effet engrais vert pour la culture principale suivante. L’objectif de ce travail était de caractériser un grand nombre d’espèces et d’analyser les performances de mélanges bispécifiques de type légumineuse/non-légumineuse pour produire simultanément ces services écosystémiques de gestion de l’azote. Les traits fonctionnels foliaires mesurés sur 36 espèces sont robustes mais sont peu précis pour différencier les stratégies des espèces. Les températures cardinales de germination mesurées au laboratoire indiquent que la majorité des espèces est adaptée à des conditions de semis d’été. Une modèle conceptuel implémenté en GLM permet de prédire le comportement des deux espèces en mélange. Les mesures réalisées en expérimentations au champ couplées avec des simulations avec le modèle STICS ont permis d’évaluer les performances de certains mélanges bispécifiques pour produire simultanément les services écosystémiques. L’efficacité dépend du choix des espèces associées, qui doit être adapté en fonction des conditions pédoclimatiques et de la date de destruction des couverts. / Cover crops produce ecosystem services for nitrogen management during fallow period such as decreasing nitrate leaching and producing green N manure effect for the next cash crop. The aim of this work was to characterize a large number of species using a functional analysis and to analyze the performances of bispecific legume/non-legume mixtures to simultaneously produce both ecosystem services. Leaf functional traits measured on 36 cover crops were found robust but lacked of precision in differentiating species strategies. The cardinal temperatures for germination measured in laboratory have shown that the majority of species is adapted to summer sowing conditions. A conceptual model was designed and implemented in GLM to predict the behavior of species in mixtures. The measurements carried out in field experiments coupled with STICS model simulations confirmed the potential efficiency of some bispecific mixtures to simultaneously produce ecosystem services of nitrogen management. This efficiency depends on the choice of the two species to associate which must be adapted according to the pedoclimatic conditions as well as the date of cover crop destruction.