ABSTRACT This study is the first of a series of community-based surveys that the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) has planned to conduct in the next 15 years to fulfill its provincial mandate (being the provider of primary health care services) in accordance with the Gauteng District Health Services Act (Act No 8 of 2000)1. The study determined the prevalence rate of contraceptive use and method choice, and the effects of the availability of reproductive health services on contraceptive use and method choice in the CTMM in 2004. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional population-based study design and a sample of 3, 547 women of childbearing age (15-49 years) using a multi-stage cluster sampling with probability proportional to size to determine these effects. A modified 1998 SADHS questionnaire helped to collect information on selected individuals, programmes and district explanatory variables from women living in the four health sub-districts and data were used in three B (4 variables), C (six variables) and D (eight variables) unconditional binary logistic regression models and a multinomial logistic model to estimate their effects (odds ratios and pvalue at 5% level) on contraceptive use and method choice. The selection of these variables is based on the conceptual framework that recognizes that contraceptive use or method choice is the consequence of service utilization, which, in turn, is influenced by individual, service/programme and community factors2,3. The availability of reproductive health services was measured by the presence or absence of the supply source of contraceptive methods in a district. After controlling for the effects of individual (social and demographic) variables, none of the programmatic variables was independently associated with contraceptive use. By contrast, district/place of residence predictor was associated with reduced odds of contraceptive use and with reduced odds of condom, injection and IUD’s choice against pill in all the models and districts, respectively. In terms of the source of first information on contraceptive methods and the differences between IUD and injection, the study shows that nurses (odds ratio, 1.80, p<0.05) are more likely than mothers to be the providers of information on IUD while physicians (odds ratio, 0.65, p<0.05) are shown to be less likely than mothers to be the providers of information on injection as opposed to the pill. The private sector ( odds ratio, 2.12, p<0.01) is shown to be more likely than the public sector to be the supply source of IUD methods rather than the pill, and also more likely (odds ratio, 1.97, p<0.01) than the public sector to be the supply source of IUD instead of injection. Private pharmacies (odds ratio, 2.25, p<0.05) are more likely than the public sector to supply condoms rather than the pill. The presence or absence of reproductive health services in a district was significantly associated with reduced odds of both contraceptive use and choice of condom, injection and IUD methods against pill. This may be attributable to women’s willingness to travel outside their place of residence to get their preferred method. Thus availability of reproductive health services in the district seems not to have an important effect on use and choice of modern contraception in the City of Tshwane in 2004.

Background: Unintended pregnancy is a major problem among sexually active women and occurs due to a number of reasons, such as inconsistent use of short term contraceptive methods or non-use of modern contraception. Recent scientific findings indicate that long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) methods, which are cost effective and highly effective in pregnancy prevention, are a possible solution to the problem of unintended pregnancies. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify the demographic, socio-economic and reproductive health factors associated with the use of long acting reversible contraceptive methods among sexually active women aged 15-49 in Malawi. Methods: The study used the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010 data. The sample comprised of 17 744 sexually active women aged 15-49 years. LARC methods were defined as Norplant, Intra-uterine device (IUD) and Depo-Provera. Descriptive analysis was done to describe the study sample, while binomial logistic regression modeling was done to identify demographic, socio-economic and reproductive health factors that influence LARC method use. Data analysis was done using Stata 12. Results: The results suggest that prevalence of LARC methods is 26%. At multivariate level, the results indicate that younger women (15-24) are more likely to use LARC methods than older women (35+). There is distinct regional variation of LARC use, with women in the Southern region being more likely to use the methods. Additionally, being married, with a secondary education or higher, having been visited by a family planning worker, staying in urban areas and wanting children after 2 years, increased the odds of using the LARC methods among the women. Conclusion: Increasing the prevalence of LARC methods is very crucial as a solution to the challenge of unintended pregnancy. Measures need to be put in place to ensure that there is no distinct variation in LARC use in women found in the three regions of the country. Formal education and mobile family planning workers are crucial in increasing LARC methods use.

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This work examines the series of cases known as the 'wrongful birth' cases, that is those in which a physician or surgeon has been sued by the parent or parents of a child on the basis of his negligence either in the provision of a family planning procedure or in the advice and information he gives regarding that procedure, as a result of which a child is born that would not have been born but for that negligence. The reported and unreported cases from the English courts are analysed, and a number of North American cases are referred to also, this in order to predict how the Scottish courts will or should deal with claims for wrongful birth. The thesis is written from the point of view of Scots law, and the English cases, though important, are not determinative. I have attempted to state the law of Scotland as it stands on 29th February 1988.

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Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Magister Theologiae - MTh / This study will research one of the objectives of Maqāsid al- Sharī’ah (Objectives of the Islamic Law) namely Ḥifẓ al-Nasl better known as the protection of progeny as well as family planning. 1. Sharī’ah (Islamic Law) has provided the principles that govern any human activity and ensures protection of life, ease and pleasure. The Qur’ān and the Sunnah (Prophetic tradition) both emphasize flexibility and general principles and guidelines that may be applied to all areas of life. Thus, issues relating to marriage, protection of progeny, sexuality, and even contraception in Islām have also been accommodated in the Qur’ān and Sunnah. Moreover, contraception in relation to family planning have a long history in Islām and has significance within the broader Islamic ethos of marriage and sexuality. This study aims to sketch the historical development of Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah as well as its formulation and subsequent development.

The problem of this study was to prepare a comprehensive family living textbook for use by high school students. The primary purposes of the study were the following (1) to provide teenagers with factual information concerning sexuality which will better equip them to make responsible decision; (2) to prepare young people to become better marriage partners, better parents and ultimately to produce stronger families for the future.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF EDUCATION in the Department of Educational Psychology in the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 1999. / The aim of this study was to investigate Indian parents' responsibility with regards to family planning. From the literature study it became clear that the needs of children can only be adequately met by parents in a well planned family. Responsible parents will sensibly plan to only have as many children as they can afford. Parents must be able to meet the physical, psychological, social, moral and spiritual needs of their children. A child needs both parents to create an atmosphere of security that will give him the confidence he needs to give mening to the world. Providing a harmonious and healthy family environment does not rest with only one of the parents, but is the outcome of a shared parenting task and responsible parenthood from both parents. Responsible parenthood entails the acceptance of responsibility for the adequate upbringing of the child. Parents should have no uncertainties as to their responsibilities as parents. They should be fully aware of their role, purpose and task, as well as the possibilities and limitations of their activities concerning the education of their children. The relationship between parent and child must be based on trust, understanding and authority with the specific aim of educating the child. For the purpose of the empirical investigation a self-structured questionnaire was utilized. An analysis was done of 123 questionnaires completed by both parents of Indian families from a randomly selected sample. The data thus obtained was processed and interpreted by means of descriptive statistics. in conclusion a summary was presented and based on the findings of the study the following recommendations were made: Urgent attention should be given to the implementation of programmes which will assist parents in establishing a positive parental attitude towards responsible family planning. Media-based parent education programmes must be introduced to help parents in adequate child rearing.