Recent years have seen increasing acknowledgment that aircraft accidents affect not only those who are killed or injured, but also the families and friends of victims. Survivors, victims and their families require sensitive treatment in order to help them cope with what has occurred. Following high profile accidents including USAir 427 and TWA 800, the United State of America started a new program which they call it Family Assistance after Air Disaster. After that a several documents providing guidance for dealing with victims and their families were published in Australia, the UK and the EU. However, in the Middle East, there is no region-specific family assistance guidance for dealing with aircraft accidents. As such, operators tend to use plans which have been designed from a western perspective. This means that the impact of culture, ethical sensitivities and religion have not been addressed fully. This thesis explores the differences in dealing with the families of victims after an accident in the Middle East focusing on the Muslim population. Interviews were conducted with experts from airlines, family assistance providers, religious leaders and victim support groups. These were supplemented by a survey of passengers and family members in USA, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia to compare and contrast the expectations and needs of those who may be affected by an aircraft accident. Over 300 responses were received and the data were validated through further expert interviews. The results supported the findings of the literature review and matched with the bad experiences documented within case study accidents such as the mid-air collision involving Saudi Arabian Airlines flight 763. The study found that the three factors are inextricably linked, with religion being a strong factor in determining individual’s response to their loss; how they relate to others and the type of support they should be given. Suggestions are made regarding the design of a Family Assistance Centre, staff training, words that should / should not be used; and to explain how people may react.

Recent years have seen increasing acknowledgment that aircraft accidents affect not only those who are killed or injured, but also the families and friends of victims. Survivors, victims and their families require sensitive treatment in order to help them cope with what has occurred. Following high profile accidents including USAir 427 and TWA 800, the United State of America started a new program which they call it Family Assistance after Air Disaster. After that a several documents providing guidance for dealing with victims and their families were published in Australia, the UK and the EU. However, in the Middle East, there is no region-specific family assistance guidance for dealing with aircraft accidents. As such, operators tend to use plans which have been designed from a western perspective. This means that the impact of culture, ethical sensitivities and religion have not been addressed fully. This thesis explores the differences in dealing with the families of victims after an accident in the Middle East focusing on the Muslim population. Interviews were conducted with experts from airlines, family assistance providers, religious leaders and victim support groups. These were supplemented by a survey of passengers and family members in USA, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia to compare and contrast the expectations and needs of those who may be affected by an aircraft accident. Over 300 responses were received and the data were validated through further expert interviews. The results supported the findings of the literature review and matched with the bad experiences documented within case study accidents such as the mid-air collision involving Saudi Arabian Airlines flight 763. The study found that the three factors are inextricably linked, with religion being a strong factor in determining individual’s response to their loss; how they relate to others and the type of support they should be given. Suggestions are made regarding the design of a Family Assistance Centre, staff training, words that should / should not be used; and to explain how people may react.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo de: alimentos, frutas, carnes e peixes, aves e ovos, vegetais, cereais e oleaginosas, farinhas e massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, panificados, bebidas alcoólicas, educação, higiene, saúde e materiais escolares. Para estimar esse impacto foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Brasil (POF-2008/09). Foram utilizadas duas metodologias de controle: pela renda famíliar per capita (RFPC) bruta e RFPC líquida. As estimativas do impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo, utilizando dados observacionais, foram calculadas a partir de regressão múltipla e a comparação baseada no escore de propensão (propensity score matching). As estimativas do efeito médio do tratamento sobre os tratados apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos nas despesas com: alimentos, aves, ovos, vegetais, cereais, oleaginosas, farinha, massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, entre outras. Dessa forma, observou-se que as famílias beneficiárias aumentaram a aquisição de bens prioritários, que aliviam a sua situação de extrema pobreza. No caso das famílias beneficiárias do PBF observou-se aumento nas despesas com materiais escolares, indicando investimento em educação. Já as famílias com beneficiários do BPC aumentaram suas despesas no consumo de saúde e reduziram as despesas com álcool e fumo. / The general objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the \"Programa Bolsa Família\" (PBF) and \"Benefício de Prestação Continuada\" (BPC - a benefit to very poor elderly and people with deficiencies) on consumer expenditures on food, alcoholic beverages, fruits, meat and fish, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour and pasta, tubers and roots, sugar, baked goods, education, hygiene, health and school supplies. Data from the Brazilian Family Budgets Survey (POF-2008/2009). Two control methods were used to estimate the effect: the per capita family income gross and per capita family income excluding the income of programs. Estimates of the impact of PBF and BPC on consumer expenditures, using observational data, were calculated from Multiple Regression and the comparison based on the Propensity Score Matching. The estimates of the ATT showed statistically significant results in expenditure on food, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour, pasta and tubers and roots and sugar and others. According to the results found there was an increase in the purchase of foods what make the beneficiaries extreme poverty and malnutrition less hard. Also, for families beneficiary of the PBF, increase in school supplies shows greater investment in education. For the families with BPC beneficiaries increased their spending on consumer health and reduced expenditure on alcohol and tobacco.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo de: alimentos, frutas, carnes e peixes, aves e ovos, vegetais, cereais e oleaginosas, farinhas e massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, panificados, bebidas alcoólicas, educação, higiene, saúde e materiais escolares. Para estimar esse impacto foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Brasil (POF-2008/09). Foram utilizadas duas metodologias de controle: pela renda famíliar per capita (RFPC) bruta e RFPC líquida. As estimativas do impacto do PBF e do BPC sobre as despesas com consumo, utilizando dados observacionais, foram calculadas a partir de regressão múltipla e a comparação baseada no escore de propensão (propensity score matching). As estimativas do efeito médio do tratamento sobre os tratados apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos nas despesas com: alimentos, aves, ovos, vegetais, cereais, oleaginosas, farinha, massas, tubérculos e raízes, açúcar, entre outras. Dessa forma, observou-se que as famílias beneficiárias aumentaram a aquisição de bens prioritários, que aliviam a sua situação de extrema pobreza. No caso das famílias beneficiárias do PBF observou-se aumento nas despesas com materiais escolares, indicando investimento em educação. Já as famílias com beneficiários do BPC aumentaram suas despesas no consumo de saúde e reduziram as despesas com álcool e fumo. / The general objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the \"Programa Bolsa Família\" (PBF) and \"Benefício de Prestação Continuada\" (BPC - a benefit to very poor elderly and people with deficiencies) on consumer expenditures on food, alcoholic beverages, fruits, meat and fish, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour and pasta, tubers and roots, sugar, baked goods, education, hygiene, health and school supplies. Data from the Brazilian Family Budgets Survey (POF-2008/2009). Two control methods were used to estimate the effect: the per capita family income gross and per capita family income excluding the income of programs. Estimates of the impact of PBF and BPC on consumer expenditures, using observational data, were calculated from Multiple Regression and the comparison based on the Propensity Score Matching. The estimates of the ATT showed statistically significant results in expenditure on food, poultry and eggs, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, flour, pasta and tubers and roots and sugar and others. According to the results found there was an increase in the purchase of foods what make the beneficiaries extreme poverty and malnutrition less hard. Also, for families beneficiary of the PBF, increase in school supplies shows greater investment in education. For the families with BPC beneficiaries increased their spending on consumer health and reduced expenditure on alcohol and tobacco.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the historical development of child care in the Czech Republic and in the world. It was never easy for children in the adult world. At the origination, the leader of the tribe decided about their lives. In the past murders of little girls were common, men could fight and protect the tribe or nation better. Boys were often killed by enemies so there was no descendant left. It was not until the acceptance of Christianity in 16th century that it had changed. It was still not a peaceful childhood, but there were no child murders. On the other hand, a lot of childen ended up in monasteries without parents. Nowadays at least children in the developed world should have a real childhood. Unfortunately there is still a considerable amount of adverse cases. Another goal was to familiarize the reader with CAN Syndrome. In 1962 the term "Beaten Child Syndrome" was used, later the name CAN Syndrome became common. This syndrome was first described in the USA, where they noticed children have injuries their parents cannot make clear. Categories included in CAN Syndrome were established by the Council of Europe in 1992. One of the most important goals of the thesis was to focus on child neglect (its forms, conditions and signs of neglect). In the research part I determined...