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Using latent profile analysis, we identified patterns of parenting satisfaction and paternal involvement among 201 South Korean fathers. Three profiles were identified: (1) low involved (n = 74), highly involved (n = 28), and moderately involved (n = 99). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance analysis revealed that fathers in the low involved (n = 74) profile were significantly different from their counterparts in the other profiles regarding longer work hours and higher levels of work-to-family conflict. Also, fathers in the highly involved profile were more likely to report their wives are employed. The findings indicate that paternal involvement types are affected by work-related factors among Korean fathers. Implications for policymakers and research will be discussed. Objectives - To examine the levels of paternal involvement with children and parental satisfaction among Korean fathers.- To explore subgroups of Korean fathers with similar patterns of parental satisfaction and father involvement types.- To identify the differences among the subgroups of Korean fathers regarding demographic characteristics, work hours, wife’s employment, job stress, and work to family conflict.

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There is a shortage of clergy, at least in the Roman Catholic Church (cf Schoenherr&Sorenson 1982:23; Heilbronner 1998:11; Tentler 1998:348; Carroll 2001:1; Fernandez 2001:ix-x; see Seidler 1979:764; Berger 1987; Hoge et al 1988:264, 280). The Protestant Church in general is experiencing more of a distribution problem than a shortage (cf Chaves 2001:36; see Jud et al 1970:59). The two greatest hindrances to addressing this clergy distribution problem among Protestant churches is a lack of adequate compensation for clergy and the undesirable location, as perceived by clergy, of the church (Chaves 2001:36; see Jud et al 1970:59). Challenges such as secularization, duality of vocation, time management, change in type of ministry, family issues, congregational and denominational conflict, burnout, sexual misconduct, divorce or marital problems, and suicide, affect clergy. Studies on the shortage of clergy have been conducted mostly in the USA and Europe and not in South Africa. This study seeks to address this research gap by means of a practical theological grounded theory exploration of the exodus of clergy. Grounded theory methodology is used to identify the reasons why clergy trained at a Bible College of a Protestant Charismatic mega church leave full-time pastoral ministry. Findings correspond to previous studies with two reasons appearing more frequently than others: responding to a call and leadership related issues. Firstly, respondents differed in their replies with respect to reconciling their leaving full-time pastoral ministry to their call with responses of: not being called, a dual call, or called but left anyway. Secondly, respondents indicated that leadership influence was mostly negative with regard to affirming their call. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

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