Les systèmes de transmission par engrenages sont largement utilisés pour transmettre de la puissance et adapter les vitesses de rotation entre organes moteurs et récepteurs. Dans ce contexte, les engrenages sont fréquemment les organes parmi les plus sensibles de la chaîne cinématique et peuvent être soumis à un grand nombre d’avaries (fatigue de contact, fatigue de flexion, usure…etc.) apparaissant lors du fonctionnement et dont les causes sont multiples. L’objectif de ce travail est, d’une part, de simuler l’usure abrasive et la fatigue de contact conduisant à de l’écaillage (pitting) et, d’autre part, d’analyser les interactions entre ces avaries et le comportement statique et dynamique de transmission par engrenages. A cette fin, un modèle dynamique tridimensionnel d’engrenages de fortes largeurs est couplé à des modèles d’usure et d’avaries de contact. L’usure est simulée en s’appuyant sur le modèle d’Archard modifié afin de tenir compte de l’influence du régime de lubrification. Les usures obtenues après un certain nombre de cycles de chargement sont considérées comme des écarts initiaux additionnels par rapport à la géométrie idéale du flanc de denture. Les phénomènes de fatigue de contact par pitting sont analysés en deux étapes; a) une période d’initiation de fissure simulée en s’appuyant sur plusieurs critères de fatigue multiaxiaux et b) une phase de propagation de fissure traitée par la mécanique linéaire élastique de la rupture. Les sollicitations dynamiques fournies par le modèle dynamique d’engrenages sont utilisées comme données d’entrée pour la simulation des périodes d’initiation puis de propagation. Un grand nombre d’exemples d’application sont présentés et les interactions entre comportement dynamique, usure et fatigue sur des engrenages cylindriques sont analysées. / Gear transmissions have high power-to-weight ratios, can be made very compact and match the speeds and torques of one machine to another with high efficiency. However, gears are one of the weakest links in a transmission and can develop a number of failures (wear, contact fatigue, bending fatigue, etc.) which downgrade the overall transmission performance. The objective of this work is twofold; on the one hand, simulate abrasive wear on tooth flanks and contact fatigue leading to pitting, on the other hand, analyse the interactions between these damages and the dynamic and static behaviour of geared transmissions. To this end, a three dimensional gear dynamic model is used and coupled with several wear and fatigue models. The wear on tooth flanks is simulated based on a modified Archard’s law which includes the influence of the lubrication regime. Wear is accounted for via time- and position-varying distributions of normal deviations with respect to ideal flank geometry which are superimposed on profile and lead modifications. The occurrence of pitting is divided into two periods: a) a crack initiation period simulated by using several multi-axial fatigue criteria and, b) a crack propagation phase which is tackled using the theory of linear elastic rupture mechanics. The dynamic tooth loads delivered by the gear dynamic model are used as input data for the simulations of crack initiation and then crack propagation. A number of results are presented and the interactions between wear, contact fatigue and dynamic behaviour are investigated and commented upon.

<p dir="ltr">In structural metallic components, a material’s lifecycle begins with the processing route, to produce a desired structure, which dictates the in-service performance. The variability of microstructural features as a consequence of the processing route has a direct influence on the properties and performance of a material. In order to correlate the influence processing conditions have on material performance, large test matrices are required which tend to be time consuming and expensive. An alternative route to avoid such large test matrices is to incorporate physics-based process modeling and lifing paradigms to better understand the performance of structural materials. By linking microstructural information to the material’s lifecycle, the processing path can be modified without the need to repeat large-scale testing requirements. Additionally, when a materials system is accurately modeled throughout its lifecycle, the performance predictions can be leveraged to improve the design of materials and components.</p><p dir="ltr">Ni-based superalloys are a material class widely used in many critical aerospace components exposed to coupling thermal and mechanical loads due to their increased resistance to creep, corrosion, oxidation, and strength characteristics at elevated temperatures. Many Ni-based superalloys undergo high-temperature forging to produce a desired microstructure, targeting specific strength and fatigue properties in order to perform under thermo-mechanical loads. When in-service, these alloys tend to fail as a consequence of thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) from either inclusion- or matrix- driven failure. In order to produce safer, cheaper and more efficient critical aerospace components, the micromechanical deformation and damage mechanisms throughout a Ni-based superalloy’s lifecycle must be understood. This research utilizes process modeling as a tool to understand the damage and deformation of inclusions in a Ni-200 matrix throughout radial forging as a means to optimize the processing conditions for improved fatigue performance. In addition, microstructural sensitive performance modeling for a Ni-based superalloy is leveraged to understand the influence TMF has on damage mechanisms.</p><p dir="ltr">The radial forging processing route requires both high temperatures and large plastic deformation. During this process, non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) can debond from the metallic matrix and break apart, resulting in a linear array of smaller inclusions, known as stringers. The evolution of NMIs into stringers can result in matrix load shedding, localized plasticity, and stress concentrations near the matrix-NMI interface. Due to these factors, stringers can be detrimental to the fatigue life of the final forged component. By performing a finite element model of the forging process with cohesive zones to simulate material debonding, this research contributes to the understanding of processing induced deformation and damage sequences on the onset of stringer formation for Alumina NMIs in a Ni-200 matrix. Through a parametric study, the interactions of forging temperature, strain rate, strain per pass, and interfacial decohesion on the NMI damage evolution metrics are studied, specifically NMI particle separation, rotation, and cavity formation. The parametric study provides a linkage between the various processing conditions parameters influence on detrimental NMI morphology related to material performance.</p><p dir="ltr">The microstructural characteristics of Ni-based superalloys, as a consequence of a particular processing route, creates a variability in TMF performance. The micromechanical failure mechanisms associated with TMF are dependent on various loading parameters, such as temperature, strain range, and strain-temperature phasing. Insights on the complexities of micromechanical TMF damage are studied via a temperature-dependent, dislocation density-based crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model with uncertainty quantification. The capabilities of the model’s temperature dependency are examined via direct instantiation and comparison to a high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM) experiment under coupled thermal and mechanical loads. Unique loading states throughout the experiment are investigated with both CPFE predictions and HEDM results to study early indicators of TMF damage mechanisms at the grain scale. The mesoscale validation of the CPFE model to HEDM experimental data provides capabilities for a well-informed TMF performance paradigm under various strain-temperature phase profiles. </p><p dir="ltr">A material’s TMF performance is highly dependent on the temperature-load phase profile as a consequence of path-dependent thermo-mechanical plasticity. To investigate the relationship between microstructural damage and TMF phasing effects, the aforementioned CPFE model investigates in-phase (IP) TMF, out-of-phase (OP) TMF, and iso-thermal (ISO) loading profiles. A microstructural sensitive performance modeling framework with capabilities to isolate phasing (IP, OP, and ISO) effects is presented to locate fatigue damage in a set of statistically equivalent microstructures (SEMs). Location specific plasticity, and grain interactions are studied under the various phasing profiles providing a connection between microstructural material damage and TMF performance.</p>