• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 4
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Neogene to Quaternary fault activity and salt tectonics within the Terrebonne Salt Withdrawal Basin: effect of sediment loading on subsidence and salt-fault interaction: 1) Quaternary fault activity in the Northwestern margin of the Terrebonne Salt Withdrawal Basin, southeastern Louisiana 2) Spatial and Temporal Throw Variation in the Terrebonne Salt Withdrawal Basin: Effects of sediment loading and diapiric stress perturbation 3) Geometry and characteristics of faults connecting two salt stocks: Insights from the Gulf of Mexico

January 2021 (has links)
archives@tulane.edu / Salt basins are complex structural systems, showing genetic relationships between salt structures, faults, and variable sediment depositional patterns. The dynamics of salt-fault interaction, the role of shale deformation, and the influence of salt evacuation on surface features have been poorly understood. A link between all these processes is the throw history of faults adjacent to and within a salt basin. In this dissertation, I interpret industry well logs and 3D seismic data from the Terrebonne Salt Withdrawal Basin (TSWB) of southeastern Louisiana, to understand these processes. The methodology includes the use of fault throw maps, throw variations along strike and with depth, and sediment expansion indices to understand fault kinematics adjacent to sediment loads and mobile material, i.e., salt or shale. I address the histories of three faults along the northern margin of the TSWB: the Lake Boudreaux, Montegut, and Isle de Jean Charles faults. Each shows Miocene and Quaternary active phases correlated with sediment loading, separated by relative inactivity during the Pliocene. The pattern of Quaternary activity and the surface projections of these faults are consistent with a fault-controlled pattern of wetland loss, suggesting that faults in southeastern Louisiana are active. Isle de Jean Charles fault and the Lake Boudreaux fault interact with the Bully Camp and Lake Barre Salt stocks, respectively. Each stock is interpreted to have grown by a different diapiric mechanism, consistent with different spatial patterns of throw variation on the two faults, despite similar temporal histories. Throw on the Isle de Jean Charles fault increases towards the Bully Camp stock, suggesting deformation inside and outside the stock. In contrast, a decrease in the throw on the Lake Boudreaux fault and an increase in diameter of the Lake Barre stock indicate that deformation exists only within the stock. Additionally, this dissertation considers throw patterns along the southern margin of the TSWB, showing that faults linking the Dog Lake and Caillou Island salt stocks are affected by shale deformation adjacent to salt. These results show that studies of fault-related subsidence and wetland loss in coastal Louisiana need to include observations from nearby salt structures. / 1 / Akinbobola Akintomide
2

Fault interaction at different time- and length scales : the North Tehran thrust and Mosha-Fasham fault (Alborz mountains, Iran)

Landgraf, Angela January 2010 (has links)
The seismically active Alborz mountains of northern Iran are an integral part of the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Linked strike-slip and thrust/reverse-fault systems in this mountain belt are characterized by slow loading rates, and large earthquakes are highly disparate in space and time. Similar to other intracontinental deformation zones such a pattern of tectonic activity is still insufficiently understood, because recurrence intervals between seismic events may be on the order of thousands of years, and are thus beyond the resolution of short term measurements based on GPS or instrumentally recorded seismicity. This study bridges the gap of deformation processes on different time scales. In particular, my investigation focuses on deformation on the Quaternary time scale, beyond present-day deformation rates, and it uses present-day and paleotectonic characteristics to model fault behavior. The study includes data based on structural and geomorphic mapping, faultkinematic analysis, DEM-based morphometry, and numerical fault-interaction modeling. In order to better understand the long- to short term behavior of such complex fault systems, I used geomorphic surfaces as strain markers and dated fluvial and alluvial surfaces using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN, 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). My investigation focuses on the seismically active Mosha-Fasham fault (MFF) and the seismically virtually inactive North Tehran Thrust (NTT), adjacent to the Tehran metropolitan area. Fault-kinematic data reveal an early mechanical linkage of the NTT and MFF during an earlier dextral transpressional stage, when the shortening direction was oriented northwest. This regime was superseded by Pliocene to Recent NE-oriented shortening, which caused thrusting and sinistral strike-slip faulting. In the course of this kinematic changeover, the NTT and MFF were reactivated and incorporated into a nascent transpressional duplex, which has significantly affected landscape evolution in this part of the range. Two of three distinctive features which characterize topography and relief in the study area can be directly related to their location inside the duplex array and are thus linked to interaction between eastern MFF and NTT, and between western MFF and Taleghan fault, respectively. To account for inferred inherited topography from the previous dextral-transpression regime, a new concept of tectonic landscape characterization has been used. Accordingly, I define simple landscapes as those environments, which have developed during the influence of a sustained tectonic regime. In contrast, composite landscapes contain topographic elements inherited from previous tectonic conditions that are inconsistent with the regional present-day stress field and kinematic style. Using numerical fault-interaction modeling with different tectonic boundary conditions, I calculated synoptic snapshots of artificial topography to compare it with the real topographic metrics. However, in the Alborz mountains, E-W faults are favorably oriented to accommodate the entire range of NW- to NE-directed compression. These faults show the highest total displacement which might indicate sustained faulting under changing boundary conditions. In contrast to the fault system within and at the flanks of the Alborz mountains, Quaternary deformation in the adjacent Tehran plain is characterized by oblique motion and thrust and strike-slip fault systems. In this morphotectonic province fault-propagation folding along major faults, limited strike-slip motion, and en-échelon arrays of second-order upper plate thrusts are typical. While the Tehran plain is characterized by young deformation phenomena, the majority of faulting took place in the early stages of the Quaternary and during late Pliocene time. TCN-dating, which was performed for the first time on geomorphic surfaces in the Tehran plain, revealed that the oldest two phases of alluviation (units A and B) must be older than late Pleistocene. While urban development in Tehran increasingly covers and obliterates the active fault traces, the present-day kinematic style, the vestiges of formerly undeformed Quaternary landforms, and paleo earthquake indicators from the last millennia attest to the threat that these faults and their related structures pose for the megacity. / Das seismisch aktive Elburs Gebirge im Nordiran ist Bestandteil der Arabisch-Eurasischen Kollisionszone. Gekoppelte Blattverschiebungs- und Überschiebungssysteme dieses Gebirges zeichnen sich durch geringe Spannungsaufbauraten aus. Dementsprechend treten große Erdbeben räumlich und zeitlich weit verteilt voneinander auf und Wiederkehrperioden solcher Erdbeben können tausende von Jahren dauern und wurden noch nicht von kurzzeitigen Messmethoden, wie GPS oder instrumenteller Seismologie erfasst. Diese Arbeit überbrückt verschiedene Zeitskalen. Diese Studie beinhaltet insbesondere Auswertungen struktureller und geomorphologischer Kartierungen, störungskinematische Analysen, auf digitalen Höhenmodellen basierende Morphometrie und numerische Modellierung von Störungsinteraktion. Um das lang- und kurzfristige Verhalten solcher komplexen Schwächezonen besser zu verstehen, benutze ich geomorphologische Oberflächen als Deformationsmarker und datiere alluviale und fluviatile Oberflächen mittels kosmogener Nuklide (TCN, 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl) und optisch stimulierter Lumineszenz (OSL). Mein Untersuchungsgebiet umfasst die seismisch aktive Mosha-Fasham Störung (MFF) und die als seismisch quasi inaktiv geltende Nordteheranstörung (NTT), die sich in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Teheraner Ballungsgebiet befinden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich das Deformationfeld mit der Zeit verändert hat. Die störungskinematischen Daten haben ergeben, dass NTT und MFF bereits seit einer früheren dextral-transpressionalen Phase unter NW-gerichteter Einengung mechanisch gekoppelt sind. Dieses System wurde von pliozäner und bis heute andauernder NE-gerichteter Einengung ersetzt, woraufhin sich Überschiebungen und linkslaterale Blattverschiebungen herausbildeten. Während dieses kinematischen Wechsels wurden NTT und MFF reaktiviert und in ein beginnendes transpressionales Duplexsystem eingebunden, welches die Landschaftentwicklung in diesem Teil des Gebirges signifikant beeinflusst hat. Zwei von drei ausgeprägten topographischen Besonderheiten des Untersuchungsgebietes können direkt mit deren Lage in der Duplexanordnung in Verbindung gebracht werden und spiegeln Interaktion zwischen den östlichen Segmenten von NTT und MFF, bzw., zwischen dem westlichen Segment der MFF und der parallelen Taleghan Schwächezone wider. Um diejenige Topographie auszuweisen, die möglicherweise aus der vorhergehenden Phase vererbt wurde, wurde ein neues Konzept tektonischer Landschaftscharakterisierung benutzt. Einfache Landschaften sind unter dem Einfluß gleichbleibender tektonischer Randbedingungen entstanden. Dagegen enthalten zusammengesetzte Landschaften vererbte Elemente vergangener tektonischer Randbedingungen, die mit dem heutigen Spannungsfeld und kinematischen Stil unvereinbar sind. Mittels numerischer Störungsinteraktionsmodellierungen teste ich verschiedene Randbedingungen und berechne synoptische Momentaufnahmen künstlicher Topographie um sie mit reellen topographischen Maßen zu vergleichen. Im Elburs Gebirge treten allerdings auch E-W streichende Schwächezonen auf, die so günstig orientiert sind, dass sie Verformung unter der gesamten Einengungsspanne von Nordwest nach Nordost zeigen. Diese weisen den höchsten totalen Versatz auf. Hier tritt das Grundgebirge zutage und wird versetzt, was, wie die Modellierungen vermuten lassen, auf langanhaltende Verformung unter sich ändernden Randbedingungen hinweisen kann. Quartäre Deformation in der benachbarten Teheran Ebene ist durch Schrägbewegungen, Überschiebungen und Blattverschiebungssyteme gekennzeichnet, die typischerweise in Auffaltungen entlang von Hauptstörungen, vereinzelten Blattverschiebungen und en-échelon Anordnungen untergeordneter oberflächlicher Überschiebungen resultieren. Junge Deformation tritt auf, die Hauptbewegungen fanden allerdings im frühen Quartär und wahrscheinlich späten Pliozän statt. TCN-Datierungen, die erstmalig an geomorphologischen Oberflächen in der Teheran Ebene durchgeführt wurden, ergeben dass die beiden älteren Sedimentationsphasen (Einheiten A und B) älter sind als spätes Pleistozän. Obwohl die urbane Entwicklung im Teheraner Ballungsraum die aktiven Störungslinien zunehmend verdeckt und ausradiert, zeugen der heutige kinematische Stil, die Überreste ehemals unverstellter Quartärer Landschaftsformen und Hinweise auf Paläoerdbeben während der letzten Jahrtausende von der Gefahr, die diese Schwächezonen für die Megastadt bedeuten.
3

Fault Interaction within Restraining Bend Fault Systems

Stern, Aviel Rachel 07 November 2016 (has links)
Numerical simulations of a 15° restraining bend analog claybox experiment include considering the fault geometry, rheology, and boundary conditions. The numerical models show that a growing fault from an analog experiment propagates at depth rather than at the surface and is exposed in later stages of the experiment, and that the wet kaolin clay from the analog experiment is partially decoupled from the steel plate. The numerical models provide the stresses to predict accurate fault growth from the analog experiment and provide the evolution of external work within the fault system. The external work from the numerical models decrease as faults continue to grow, which agrees with the continuously increasing kinematic efficiency within the analog experiment. Three-dimensional mechanical models are used to simulate the southern San Andreas fault. These models show that incorporating fault interaction, time since last earthquake rupture, and nearby earthquakes affects the stress state along a fault. Absolute shear tractions are calculated by multiplying time since last earthquake rupture with the simulated interseismic stressing rates for each fault strand. From our multi-cycle model, fault interaction affects local normal stressing rates so that the stresses are not relieved in between earthquakes. We provide our absolute shear tractions and scale our multi-cycle normal stressing rates to be near to failure so that dynamic rupture modelers from University of California, Riverside use our results to simulate earthquake propagation for the complex fault region of the San Gorgonio Pass.
4

Αλληλεπίδραση ρηγμάτων και σεισμική επικινδυνότητα στον ανατολικό Κορινθιακό / Fault interaction and seismic hazard assessment in the eastern part of the gulf of Corinth

Ζυγούρη, Βασιλική 09 October 2009 (has links)
Η περιοχή του ανατολικού τμήματος της τάφρου της Κορίνθου αποτελεί μια ταχύτατα αναπτυσσόμενη περιοχή φιλοξενώντας σημαντικότατες υποδομές. Η ανάπτυξη αυτής της περιοχής είναι απειλούμενη από την εξίσου σημαντική σεισμική δραστηριότητα που εμφανίζει και είχε ως αποτέλεσμα, σε προηγούμενους ιστορικούς χρόνους εκτεταμένες καταρρεύσεις κτηρίων, θανάτους ή και την πλήρη καταστροφή πόλεων. Σήμερα, νέες επιστημονικές μέθοδοι επικεντρώνονται στα εντυπωσιακά ρηξιγενή πρανή που τη διατρέχουν, η δράση των οποίων θεωρείται υπεύθυνη για τα ισχυρά σεισμικά επεισόδια που συμβαίνουν στην περιοχή. Η εκτίμηση των γεωμετρικών χαρακτηριστικών των ενεργών ρηγμάτων που εντοπίζονται στο θαλάσσιο και στο χερσαίο νότιο τμήμα της τάφρου οδήγησε σε μορφοκλασματικές κατανομές των δύο πληθυσμών από όπου προέκυψε ότι η κυρίαρχη διαδικασία ανάπτυξης των ρηγμάτων στον Κορινθιακό κόλπο είναι η συνένωση μικρότερων ρηγμάτων. Η διαδικασία αυτή φαίνεται να βρίσκεται σε ένα πιο πρώιμο στάδιο στον θαλάσσιο πληθυσμό, ενώ αντίθετα ο χερσαίος πληθυσμός έχει εισαχθεί σε ένα στάδιο ωριμότητας της παραμόρφωσης. Επιπλέον, διαπιστώθηκε ότι ο διαχωρισμός σε μήκη ρηγμάτων μικρότερα και μεγαλύτερα από 5km αναπαριστά ένα ανώτερο όριο στο οποίο πραγματοποιείται η αλλαγή στον τρόπο ανάπτυξης των ρηγμάτων αλλά μπορεί να συσχετιστεί και με την υποκείμενη μηχανική στρωμάτωση. Από αυτές τις κατανομές επιλέχθηκε μια ομάδα δεκατεσσάρων ρηγμάτων που αποτελούν σαφώς προσδιορισμένες σεισμικές πηγές και κυριαρχούν σε περιοχές με υψηλή σεισμικότητα. Ιδιαίτερα μελετήθηκε το ρήγμα των Κεγχρεών το οποίο είναι παρακείμενο σημαντικών υποδομών και στο οποίο πραγματοποιήθηκε γεωμορφολογική ανάλυση που απέδειξε ότι όλο το ρήγμα είναι ενεργό, αλλά και παλαιοσεισμολογική εκσκαφή στην οποία αναγνωρίστηκαν τρία τουλάχιστον σεισμικά γεγονότα μεγέθους 6.3 με κυμαινόμενη περίοδο επανάληψης. Τέλος, για αυτή την ομάδα ρηγμάτων κατασκευάστηκαν δενδροδιαγράμματα εκτίμησης της σεισμικής επικινδυνότητας από τα οποία υπολογίστηκε η ένταση Arias με τη χρήση διαφορετικής βαρύτητας εμπειρικών σχέσεων. Συνεκτιμώντας τη γωνία κλίσης του πρανούς, την επικρατούσα λιθολογία στην επικεντρική περιοχή καθώς και τα όρια της έντασης Arias εντοπίστηκαν θέσεις που εμφανίζονται επιδεκτικές σε διάφορους τύπους δευτερογενών φαινομένων, όπως ρευστοποιήσεις, ολισθήσεις και πτώσεις βράχων. Οι παράκτιες περιοχές των πόλεων του Κιάτου της Κορίνθου, του Λουτρακίου και οι βόρειες ακτές της χερσονήσου της Περαχώρας φαίνεται να επηρεάζονται σε σημαντικότερο βαθμό από την ενεργοποίηση τέτοιων φαινομένων. / The area of the eastern part of the Gulf of Corinth constitutes a rapid developing region hosting significant infrastructures. The significant seismic activity put a threat on this development as it has been noticed during historical time, triggering extensive collapses, human casualties and total disaster of cities. Today new scientific methods are implemented on the spectacular fault arrays that dissect the graben and whose activity is related to the important seismic events, occurred in the area. The scaling properties estimation of the active faults along the Gulf, both onshore and offshore, defines the fractal distributions of both populations. These fractal distributions show that the main fault growth process is the linkage and interaction between smaller fault segments. The offshore population is characterized by an earlier stage of this process, whereas the onshore population indicates a more mature stage of deformation. Additionally, the subdivision of fault length above and beyond 5km represents a maximum bound, where the change in the growth process takes place, but it can also be associated with the underlying crustal mechanical layering. These fractal distributions determine a selection of a group of fourteen active faults that represent unambiguous seismic sources located on highly seismic areas. From this group, the Kencreai fault was especially studied due to its proximity to essential infrastructure. The geomorphology and palaeoseimological analysis of this fault reveal that the fault is active all along its trace, hosting at least three major seismic events with maximum magnitude 6.3 and fluctuant recurrence interval. Finally, for this fault group, seismic hazard assessment logic trees are produced, that calculate the Arias intensity considering the uncertainty of different attenuation relationships. By evaluating the slope gradient, the lithology conditions in the epicentral area and the upper bounds of the Arias intensity, areas highly susceptible to future site effects such as liquefactions, landslides and rock falls are located. The coastal areas of the Kiato, Corinthos and Loutraki cities and the north coast of the Perachora peninsula as well seem more influenced by site effects induced by major earthquakes.

Page generated in 0.1383 seconds