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The behavioural expression of fear in young childrenGilbert-MacLeod, Cheryl A. 11 1900 (has links)
Children, over the course of development, experience numerous situations
capable of eliciting fear; however, the behaviours which children exhibit in these
situations remain unclear. The investigation presented here pursued the question "how
do young children express fear in a non-painful medical situation where they perceive
threat from physical harm?". It is important to note that this study differentiated between
fear and anxiety, however it did not examine differences between these two emotions.
116 children, between the ages of 12 and 87 months, and their parents participated in the
study. Children's fine-grained behavioural responses, (i.e., facial activity) and broader
behavioural displays (e.g., crying, protective behaviours) were examined during a fearful
situation. The specific threat used to provoke fear was orthopedic cast removal with an
oscillating saw. Few people, including adults, who have had a cast removed would
challenge the notion that the oscillating saw can effectively elicit fear. Facial activity
was measured with the Baby-FACS coding system and global behaviours were assessed
with the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress. Results demonstrated the existence
of a constellation of facial actions and a group of more global behaviours indicative of
fear in young children. The facial actions and global behaviours identified in the total
sample were examined on a subset of the children who were rated as displaying clinically
significant fear. The same 13 facial actions were found to cluster together in the sample
of children displaying clinically significant fear. Further, global behaviours occurred
with a higher frequency in this sub-sample. Age and cast location were found to predict
children's fear for both classes of behaviour in that younger children and children with
casts on their legs had higher facial action factor scores and OSBD scale scores than
older children or those with arm casts. Finally, facial activity and global behaviours
appeared to be valid measures of fear as they were both correlated to an independent
observer's and the cast technician's ratings of fear. Results are discussed in relation to
current theories of emotional development and implications for clinical applications are
reviewed.
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The behavioural expression of fear in young childrenGilbert-MacLeod, Cheryl A. 11 1900 (has links)
Children, over the course of development, experience numerous situations
capable of eliciting fear; however, the behaviours which children exhibit in these
situations remain unclear. The investigation presented here pursued the question "how
do young children express fear in a non-painful medical situation where they perceive
threat from physical harm?". It is important to note that this study differentiated between
fear and anxiety, however it did not examine differences between these two emotions.
116 children, between the ages of 12 and 87 months, and their parents participated in the
study. Children's fine-grained behavioural responses, (i.e., facial activity) and broader
behavioural displays (e.g., crying, protective behaviours) were examined during a fearful
situation. The specific threat used to provoke fear was orthopedic cast removal with an
oscillating saw. Few people, including adults, who have had a cast removed would
challenge the notion that the oscillating saw can effectively elicit fear. Facial activity
was measured with the Baby-FACS coding system and global behaviours were assessed
with the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress. Results demonstrated the existence
of a constellation of facial actions and a group of more global behaviours indicative of
fear in young children. The facial actions and global behaviours identified in the total
sample were examined on a subset of the children who were rated as displaying clinically
significant fear. The same 13 facial actions were found to cluster together in the sample
of children displaying clinically significant fear. Further, global behaviours occurred
with a higher frequency in this sub-sample. Age and cast location were found to predict
children's fear for both classes of behaviour in that younger children and children with
casts on their legs had higher facial action factor scores and OSBD scale scores than
older children or those with arm casts. Finally, facial activity and global behaviours
appeared to be valid measures of fear as they were both correlated to an independent
observer's and the cast technician's ratings of fear. Results are discussed in relation to
current theories of emotional development and implications for clinical applications are
reviewed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate
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The effects of cognitive self-instructional strategies on children's fear of fireWilliams, Cathy E. January 1986 (has links)
Childhood fears have been considered to be part of normal development. It is when these fears develop into severe fears or phobias that they become of concern to clinicians. Children's fears have varied over the years from school related fears, to political fears, to fears of danger and death in most recent years. Of the latter category, fear of fire-getting burned emerged as the second most commonly reported fear among children. The present study examines two cognitive self-instructional strategies to test their effectiveness in reducing children's fear of fire. Cognitive strategies were the ones of choice in that they remedied many of the problems found in some of the other behavioral techniques. Either of two self-instructional strategies including a fire safety training program using self-instructions and a self-instructional fear reduction strategy were taught to second and third grade children. A major hypothesis of the study was not confirmed which maintained that children who learned self-instructional fear reduction exercises would show greater reductions in fear than children who did not learn the exercises. Although these results were not evident immediately following training, a trend toward this expectation did appear at follow-up. These findings implied that although the cognitive self-control strategy was not effective in reducing children's fear immediately, it did tend to provide for greater maintenance of behavior change over time. The present study has implications for continued investigation in the areas of childhood fear reduction and the maintenance of behavior over time. / M.S.
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