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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Remediação de solos contaminados por derivados de petróleo utilizando o processo foto-fenton

Silva Santos, Suênia January 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7920_1.pdf: 1387337 bytes, checksum: ad76f8532d3d28cf175cd0caeb303885 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / A manipulação de derivados de petróleo pode levar à contaminação do solo, em virtude de vazamentos, derrames e outros acidentes durante a exploração, refino, transporte e armazenamento. Esses acidentes têm aumentado nos últimos anos devido a demanda crescente de energia do país. Muitos destes contaminantes são altamente impactantes para o homem e o meio ambiente, tornando necessária a remediação destes solos. Entre os contaminantes oriundos deste tipo de contaminação destacam-se os hidrocarbonetos, merecendo especial atenção os poliaromáticos (HPAs), devido às suas características carcinogênicas e mutagênicas. Várias técnicas podem ser empregadas na descontaminação de solos, sendo que os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) têm se destacado nos últimos anos como uma tecnologia alternativa não só do solo como também de várias matrizes ambientais. Nesse trabalho, foi estudada uma amostra de solo contaminada por uma mistura de óleos de origem industrial (S1) e duas amostras contaminadas em laboratório por óleo diesel (S2 e S3) com diferentes teores de contaminação, utilizando processo Foto-Fenton. Este processo é baseado na geração do radical hidroxila ( OH), a partir da quebra do peróxido de hidrogênio pela ação catalítica de sais de ferro na presença da radiação UV. Este radical possui um alto poder oxidante capaz de promover a destruição de compostos orgânicos recalcitrantes. As amostras obtidas referem-se a solos da região metropolitana do estado de Pernambuco. Inicialmente foi feita a caracterização físico-química desses solos. Estudos preliminares foram realizados para avaliar a quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio (59%) utilizada e a necessidade da adição de ferro na amostra S1. Um planejamento fatorial 2³ com 2 repetições no ponto central, foi realizado com o objetivo de encontrar as melhores condições de degradação do contaminante em termos de carbono orgânico total. As variáveis e os níveis estudados foram: FeSO4 0,18M; pH e tempo de exposição ao sol. A partir dos dados obtidos na etapa anterior realizou-se um experimento fatorial fracionário 24-1 para cada amostra de solo, avaliando-se, neste caso, a influência das variáveis: tempo de exposição, quantidade de ferro, pH e quantidade de H2O2, com relação à degradação de matéria orgânica e à remoção de HPAs. Por fim, avaliou-se a adequação de um modelo cinético para representar o processo. Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, observando-se uma boa degradação dos contaminantes nas três amostras de solo estudadas, com 75% de remoção média de COT. Para os HPAs essa remoção chegou a 99%, conseguindo-se que as espécies envolvidas ficassem abaixo do limite baseado na norma holandesa.Verificou-se que o modelo cinético proposto apresentou um bom ajuste aos resultados obtidos experimentalmente
32

Oxidation of phenol and cresol by electrochemical advanced oxidation method in homogeneous medium : application to treatment of a real effluent of aeronautical industry / Études de l'oxydation du phénol et du crésol par l'oxydation électrochimique avancée en milieu homogène : application au traitement d'un effluent réel de l'industrie aéronautique

Pimentel, Marcio 24 September 2008 (has links)
L'oxydation du phenol et des cresols en milieu aqueux par le procédé électro-Fenton en utilisant une cathode en feutre de carbone a été étudiée. 10?4 M de sulfate de fer (II) a été la concentration optimale de catalyseur, permettant d'éliminer 100% du carbone organique total (Cot) de solutions aqueuses de phenol. Les principaux intermédiaires formés (70%) au cours de la destruction du phenol ont été identifiés comme l'hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone et le catechol. Au cours de l'électrolyse de l'o-cresol, les intermédiaires identifiés (58%) ont été le 3-méthyl-catechol et le méthyl-hydroquinone. Pendant l'oxydation de phenols, les acides prédominants ont été identifiés. Ces expériences ont permis de proposer un mécanisme complet de minéralisation pour le phenol et l'o-cresol. Au cours du traitement des rejets de décapage d'avions, le remplacement des anodes de PT par diamant dope bore a augmenté l'efficacité, en supprimant environ 98% de TOC en 20 heures / The present work verified the efficiency of electro-Fenton to destroy phenolic compounds present in Stripping Aircraft Wastewater. This research aimed to elucidate the influence of the catalyst nature, its concentration and of electric current density in efficiency of electro-Fenton process using an indivisible cell with a carbon felt cathode and platinum or borod doped diamond anodes. The experiments compared the effect of these variables to destroy phenol, cresols and their intermediates. The compounds and many intermediates formed were identified in High Perfomance Liquid Chromatograph and allowed obtaining apparent and/or absolute constants and simplified degradation mechanisms. In optimum conditions, measures of Total Organic Carbon showed high mineralization rates. At the end, the application of electro-Fenton process to high organics loads of real Stripping Aircraft wastewater allowed obtaining almost complete mineralization replacing Pt anode by Boron Doped Diamond.
33

Electrochemical processes as a pre-treatment step before biological treatment : Application to the removal of organo-halogenated compounds / Procédés électrochimiques en tant qu'étape de prétraitement préalablement à un traitement biologique : Application à l'élimination des composés organohalogénés

Lou, Yaoyin 07 October 2019 (has links)
Le couplage d’un traitement électrochimique avec un procédé biologique est une alternative prometteuse pour la dégradation de composés organo-halogénés biorécalcitrants dans l’environnement. Les procédés d’électroréduction, connus pour couper sélectivement la liaison carbone-halogène, ont été mis en oeuvre afin de réduire la toxicité des molécules cibles et augmenter leur biodégradabilité avant une minéralisation totale des polluants par un traitement biologique. Pour améliorer le rendement de déchloration, la cathode préalablement nickelée a été modifiée par des nanoparticules d’argent car l’argent est considéré comme l’un des meilleurs catalyseurs pour couper sélectivement la liaison carbonehalogène. Le feutre de graphite a été choisi comme support d’électrode pour sa grande surface spécifique. Le principal produit de déchloration de l’alachlor s’est révélé être biorécalcitrant. Pour surmonter ce problème, un traitement par procédé électro-Fenton a été mis en oeuvre pour dégrader les polluants cibles. Une amélioration significative de la biodégradabilité de la solution d’alachlor a pu être observée après le traitement électro- Fenton, et qui est renforcée quand l’atome de chlore a été préalablement éliminé de la structure de l’alachlor par électroréduction. Le bismuth a été également utilisé comme support d’électrode du fait de sa grande surtension visà- vis de la réduction de l’eau. Une grande sélectivité a pu être obtenue sur cathode de bismuth lors de la réduction d’herbicides du type chloracétamide. La réduction électrochimique du dioxyde de carbone a également été réalisée sur électrode de bismuth modifiée par des nanoparticules d’argent comme autre application de cette nouvelle électrode. / Electrochemical process coupling with a biological treatment is a promising alternative for the degradation of biorecalcitrant organo-halogenated compounds in the environment. The electroreduction treatment, known to cut selectively carbon-halogen bonds, was first implemented to decrease the toxicity of the target molecules and increase their biodegradability before a complete mineralization of the pollutants by a biological treatment. To improve the dechlorination efficiency, the cathode was modified by silver nanoparticles after a previous nickelisation, since silver is considered as one of the best electrocatalysts to selectively cleave the carbonhalogen bond. The graphite felt was chosen as the electrode support due to its high specific surface area. For alachlor herbicide, deschloroalachlor, the main by-product after dechlorination, was still biorecalcitrant. To overcome this issue, electro-Fenton treatment, in which hydroxyl radicals were generated to degrade the target pollutants, was implemented. Significant improvement of biodegradability of the alachlor solution was observed after electro-Fenton treatment, which was further improved when the chlorine atom was beforehand removed from the alachlor structure by the electroreduction process. Bismuth was also used as electrode support due to its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution. A high selectivity of chloroacetamide herbicides reduction was observed on the bismuth based cathode. As an extended application of the bismuth based cathode, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide was performed on Bi electrode modified by silver nanoparticles.
34

Elimination des polluants organiques des effluents industriels aqueux par plasma non-thermique de type glidarc et le procédé photo-Fenton : optimisation des procédés et mécanisme d’oxydation des polluants / Elimination of organic pollutants from aqueous industrial effluents by glidarc non-thermal plasma and the Photo-Fenton process : optimization processes and pollutants oxidation mechanism

Tarkwa, Jean-Baptiste 05 April 2019 (has links)
Cette étude a porté sur l’application de deux procédés d’oxydation avancée photochimiques (plasma d’air humide type glidarc et photo-Fenton) pour le traitement des solutions aqueuses de 4-Chlorophenol et d’Orange G. Les analyses spectroscopique, UV-vis et chromatographique (chromatographie liquide à haute performance) ont été employées pour suivre la dégradation des polluants tandis que le niveau de minéralisation de leur solution a été évalué par la mesure du carbone organique total grâce à un COT-mètre. Le dosage des ions inorganiques a été effectué par chromatographie ionique. Le catalyseur solide (latérite) a été caractérisé par spectroscopie d’absorption atomique, la méthode BET, la diffractométrie aux rayons X (DRX) et les spectroscopies IR et RAMAN. L’étude de l’oxydation du 4-chlorophenol et de l’Orange G par le procédé photo-Fenton a été consacrée à l’optimisation des conditions opératoires de dégradation et de minéralisation. Ainsi, une dégradation complète (100%) de 0,2 mM de 4-Chlorophenol est notée en seulement 4 min de traitement dans les conditions optimales établies (pH = 3 ; 0,1 mM Fe3+ et 6 mM H2O2) ; soit un rapport, R = [H2O2]/[Fe3+] de 60. En revanche, R = 20 à 0,1 mM Fe3+, constitue l’optimum pour la minéralisation, soit 81 % après 180 min de traitement. Au cours de l’oxydation de l’Orange G, l’optimisation s’est basée sur l’utilisation des constantes cinétiques apparentes de dégradation. Ainsi, nous avons établis un rapport optimum de réactifs de Fenton, R = [H2O2]/ [Fe3+] = 13,8 ; soit 6 mM de H2O2 et 0,435 mM de Fe3+. Dans ces conditions, une dégradation complète (100%) de l’Orange G est obtenue en 5 min et une minéralisation de 93 % après 180 min de traitement. Sur la base des produits intermédiaires (aromatiques et aliphatiques) et des ions inorganiques identifiés, il a été proposé un mécanisme de minéralisation de chacun des polluants par les radicaux hydroxyles. L’étude de la dégradation de l’Orange G par le plasma glidarc a visé l’amélioration des performances du glidarc en optimisant les conditions opératoires afin de réduire le coût énergétique. Pour cela, deux catalyseurs (Fe3+ et latérite) ont été ajoutés au système au cours du traitement. Dans les conditions optimales de traitement, des taux de (dégradation et minéralisation) de (17et 6) ; (74 et 25); (100 et 57) et (100 et 82%) ont été enregistrés respectivement en utilisant le glidarc seul ; glidarc/Fe3+(0,2 mM) ; glidarc/photo-Fenton (4 mM H2O2 + 0,2 mM de Fe3+) et glidarc/latérite (3 g L-1), après 60 min de traitement. Enfin l’analyse comparative du coût global de chaque procédé dans les conditions optimales en réactifs et pour une durée de traitement nécessaire à moins 90% de minéralisation de 0,1 mM de solution aqueuse d’Orange G a permis d’obtenir le classement suivant par ordre croissant du coût : plasma/latérite < plasma-photo-Fenton < photo-Fenton / This work focused on the application of two photochemical advanced oxidation processes (humid air gliding arc plasma and photo-Fenton) for the treatment of aqueous solutions of 4-Chlorophenol and the azo dye (Orange G). UV-vis spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography were used to follow pollutants degradation while the degree of mineralisation of their aqueous solution was estimated using TOC-meter (SHIMADZU). Ionic chromatography was performed to measure the concentration of inorganic ions released to the solution. The solid catalyst (laterite) was characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared and RAMAN spectroscopies. The oxidation of 4-chlorophenol and Orange G by photo-Fenton process was devoted to the optimization of degradation and mineralization operating conditions. Thus, complete (100%) degradation of 0.2 mM 4-chlorophenol is reached at only 4 min of treatment under the established optimum conditions (pH =3, 0.1 mM Fe3+ and 6 mM H2O2) corresponding to the R = [H2O2]/ [Fe3+] of 60. In contrast, R = 20 with (0.1 mM Fe3+), is the optimum ratio allowing 81 % of mineralization, after 180 min of treatment. During Orange G degradation by Photo-Fenton process, the optimization was focused on the use apparent rate constants of degradation. Thus, it was established a ratio R = [H2O2] / [Fe3+] = 13.8; either 6 mM H2O2 and 0.435 mM Fe3+. Under these conditions, a complete degradation (100%) of the Orange G was obtained at 5 min and 93% TOC removal at 180 min of treatment. From the identified organic intermediates (aromatic and carboxylic acids) and leached inorganic ions products, we proposed a plausible mechanism for oxidation of each pollutant by hydroxyl radicals. The degradation of Orange G by gliding arc plasma aimed to improve the performance of glidarc by optimizing the operating conditions in order to reduce energy cost. Therefore, two catalysts (Fe3+ and laterite) were comparatively tested during the treatment of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution. Under optimal conditions, degradation (decays and mineralization) of (17 and 6); (74 and 25); (100 and 57) and (100 and 82%) were recorded respectively using glidarc alone; glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM); glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM)/H2O2(4 mM) and glidarc/laterite (3 g L-1) systems after 60 min of treatment. Finally, the comparative analysis of the overall cost of each process under optimal operating conditions and for a required time of at least 90% of mineralization of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution, gave the following cost classification : plasma/laterite <plasma-photo-Fenton <photo-Fenton
35

Targeted Degradation of Trinitrotoluene Using Iron (II)-Cyclodextrin-Peroxide Systems

Wei, Bo 19 December 2003 (has links)
Residues of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil and groundwater near former production and processing plants generate large environmental concerns. A cyclodextrin (CD) mediated Fenton remediation of TNT contaminated water and sand (soil analogy) is presented. Kinetic studies were performed to elucidate the role of cyclodextrin in Fenton remediation of TNT contaminated water. The rate and extent of TNT degraded by Fe2+- CD-H2O2 systems were significantly enhanced as compared to the classic Fenton method. Further, in water system with interfering substance - humic acid, which tends to associate with TNT, the addition of cyclodextrin helped to improve the efficiency of Fenton degradation. This technique has also been successfully applied to remediate TNT contaminated soil systems (sand). Four systems were investigated: clean sand, sand and humic acid, sand and fulvic acid, sand and natural organic matter. This technique has shown superior performance than classic Fenton method in all of the four above systems.
36

Complexation of Organic Guests and Coordination of Metal Ions by Cyclodextrins: Role of Cyclodextrins in Metal-Guest Interactions

Jarand, Curtis William 20 May 2011 (has links)
Nitroaromatic explosives, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), are of particular environmental concern due to their recalcitrance in soils and their potent toxicity and mutagenicity to both aquatic and mammalian species. TNT was the most widely used military explosive through the era encompassing both the First and Second World Wars. As a result, there is widespread contamination of soils by TNT around weapons manufacture, testing, and disposal facilities. Fenton chemistry (ferrous ion catalyzed generation of hydroxyl radicals) has shown utility in the remediation of TNT in soils but it suffers from non-specificity and the need for acidic conditions to prevent loss of iron as iron hydroxides. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have demonstrated the ability to increase the efficiency of Fenton degradation of aromatic pollutant species. The increase in degradation efficiency observed in the CD Fenton reaction systems has been credited to the formation of a pollutant/CD/ferrous ion ternary complex which has the ability to produce hydroxyl radicals at the site of bound ferrous ions during Fenton reactions. This results in an increase in hydroxyl radical concentration near the target guest molecule relative to the bulk solution, leading to a targeted degradation of the complexed guest molecule. In order to assess the viability of CD assisted Fenton reactions for the remediation of TNT, a thorough knowledge of the kinetics, degradation products, and role of binary and ternary complexes is required. Research presented in this dissertation examined the role of CDs in the Fenton oxidation of TNT, specifically: 1) the kinetics of TNT degradation in the presence of CDs for a Fenton reaction system, 2) the products of these reactions through chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods, and 3) NMR and binding studies of binary and ternary complexes.
37

Tratamento de efluente têxtil através de processos redox e separação com membranas combinados / Treatment of textile wastewater by combination of redox and membrane separation processes

Alvarenga, Rodrigo Neder 14 August 2009 (has links)
O processamento têxtil gera grande quantidade de despejos altamente poluidores, contendo valores elevados de carga orgânica, cor acentuada e compostos químicos tóxicos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Os efluentes têxteis apresentam uma variação muito grande na sua composição devido aos vários tipos de corantes e produtos químicos utilizados e isto faz o seu tratamento ser um problema complexo. Devido a estas implicações, novas tecnologias têm sido buscadas para a degradação ou imobilização destes compostos em efluentes têxteis dentre os quais a combinação de processos oxidativos avançados, redutivo e separação por membranas. Os processos de separação por membranas têm sido cada vez mais aplicados para separação, purificação e concentração de constituintes industriais, principalmente pelo desenvolvimento e eficiência da técnica e redução de custos com o passar dos anos. O processo redutivo utilizando Fe0 é bastante promissor, em função do custo relativamente baixo do ferro metálico e da sua elevada efetividade na degradação de contaminantes ambientais, sendo que após a oxidação do Fe0 a íons Fe2+ e Fe3+ estes íons podem ser aproveitados em sequência nos Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs). Os processos oxidativos avançados são tecnologias extremamente eficientes para destruição de compostos orgânicos de difícil degradação. Podem ser consideradas tecnologias limpas, pois não há a formação de subprodutos sólidos e nem a transferência de fase dos poluentes. Os POAs são baseados na geração de radicais fortemente oxidativos, principalmente o radical hidroxila (HOo), que destroem inúmeros compostos de maneira rápida e pouco seletiva, quando comparado aos processos convencionais, conduzindo a mineralização parcial ou completa dos contaminantes. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito destes processos na melhoria do efluente têxtil foi utilizado um efluente de uma indústria têxtil de grande porte do interior de São Paulo. Ao ser coletado, este efluente foi caracterizado e submetido à permeação por membranas de microfiltração (0,45 &#956;m). Este tratamento possibilitou a redução de 37,7 % do COT e 40,9 % da Área Espectral (200-800 nm) em comparação com o efluente original. O efluente oriundo do tratamento com membranas foi submetido, através de planejamento de experimentos, aos processos oxidativos avançados do tipo foto-Fenton e foto-Fenton avançado (utilizando Fe0) visando à melhoria para despejo ou reúso deste efluente. Na melhor condição de reação foi possível alcançar uma redução de aproximadamente 73,0 % em COT e 93,0 % em área espectral após uma hora de reação para os dois tipos de POAs. A combinação das tecnologias de membranas e processos oxidativos avançados mostrou-se extremamente positiva quanto à melhoria da deste efluente têxtil, possibilitando a redução em torno de 83,0 % do COT e 95,0 % da área espectral. / The textile manufacturing generates large amounts of highly polluting sewage containing high levels of organic load, color and chemical compounds toxic to human beings and to the environment. This textile wastewater has a great variation in its composition due to various types of dyes and chemicals used. All these considerations make the textile wastewater treatment a complex problem. Due to these implications, new technologies have been studied for degradation or immobilization of these compounds in textile wastewater among which the combination of advanced oxidative, reductive and separation with membranes processes. The separation processes with membranes have been increasingly applied for separation, purification and concentration of industrial components, mainly development in technology and efficient cost savings over the years. The reductive process using Fe0 is very promising because of the relatively low cost of metallic iron and its high effectiveness in the degradation of environmental contaminants. After the oxidation of Fe0 to Fe2+ and Fe3+ these ions can be used in sequence in the Advanced Oxidative Process (AOPs). The advanced oxidative process technologies are extremely effective for degradation of organic compounds with difficult degradation. It can be considered as a clean technology, because there is no formation of solid subproducts, neither the phase transfer of pollutants. The AOPs are based on the generation of highly oxidative radicals, particularly hydroxyl radical (HOo), which destroys many compounds to a rapid and low selective way compared with conventional process of treatment, leading to partial or complete mineralization of contaminants. A wastewater from a large textile industry in São Paulo was used in order to study the effect of these processes in the improvement of textile wastewater quality. Firstly, the wastewater was characterized and subjected to permeation by microfiltration membrane (0.45 &#956;m). This treatment allowed a reduction of 37.7 % of TOC and 40.9 % of spectral area (200-800 nm) compared to the original wastewater. The wastewater from the treatment with membranes was subjected, through design of experiments, the advanced oxidative processes of the type photo-Fenton and advanced photo-Fenton (using Fe0) aiming to improve the disposal or to reuse of wastewater. In the best experimental condition it was achieved a 73 % in TOC and 93 % in spectral area reduction after one hour of reaction for both types of AOPs. The membrane technologies and advanced oxidative combination process proved to be extremely positive on the textile wastewater quality improvement, resulting in a reduction of around 83 % of TOC and 95 % of spectral area.
38

Avaliação de processos oxidativos para o tratamento ambientalmente adequado de fluidos de corte / Evaluation of oxidative processes for the environmentally apropriate treatment of cutting fluids

Tessaro, Elias Paulo 17 April 2008 (has links)
Durante o processo metalúrgico de usinagem de uma peça ocorre a geração de calor proveniente do atrito ferramenta/peça e cavaco/ferramenta. Para que ocorra uma menor geração de calor possibilitando o manuseio, bem como a minimização na deformação da peça, utilizam-se fluidos, que são soluções lubrificantes à base de óleos, água ou polímeros, podendo ser sintéticos ou não, diminuindo, assim, o coeficiente de atrito reduzindo-se a quantidade de calor gerado no processo. Há uma grande variedade de fluidos de corte disponíveis no mercado que são constituídos por diversos compostos como: aminas, compostos clorados e/ou aromáticos, glicóis, nitrosaminas além da presença de metais provenientes do processo de manufatura, portanto, sem tratamento, não podem ser lançados na rede de esgoto convencional. Atualmente não há um método de tratamento para os fluidos de corte nas indústrias. Nesse contexto, propõe-se um estudo sobre a viabilidade dos tipos de tratamento dos fluidos de corte para uma disposição adequada. Os processos de tratamento propostos neste trabalho compreendem hidrolise ácida e Processo Oxidativo Avançado (POA), mais especificamente, Sistema Fenton, além de propor um tratamento baseado na fotodegradação. A caracterização do fluido antes e após seu tratamento foi realizada por técnicas analíticas e espectrométricas. Os processos oxidativos mostraram-se satisfatórios para o tratamento dos efluentes, reduzindo os níveis de contaminantes aos permitidos pela legislação. O processo foto-Fenton mostrou-se mais eficiente que o processo Fenton na degradação de todos os parâmetros avaliados, incluindo BTEX e HPAs. Os processos de hidrólise ácida não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, reduzindo apenas os metais aos níveis permitidos para descarte. / During the cutting process, part of the heat generation results from tool-part and chip-tool friction. So that it happens a smaller generation of heat making possible the handling, as well as minimization in the tool deformation, cutting fluids are used, that are the oils base, water or polymeric lubricating solutions, could be synthetic or no, decreasing the attrition coefficient being reduced the amount of heat generated in the process. There is a great variety of cutting fluids that are constituted for several composed as: amines, chlorinated and/or aromatic composed, glycols and nitrosamines besides the presence of metals proceeding of manufacture process, therefore, without a treatment, they cannot be discarded in the conventional sewerage system. At the moment there isn\'t a treatment method for the cut fluids in the industries. In that context, intends a study about the viability types of cutting fluids treatment for appropriate disposition. Treatment processes proposed in this work understand acid hydrolysis and Advanced Oxidative Process (AOP), more specifically, Fenton System, in addition proposing a treatment based on the photodegradation (photo-Fenton process). The characterization of fluid before and after treatment it was accomplished by analytical and spectrometry techniques. Oxidative processes were exposed satisfactory for cutting fluids treatment, reducing the levels of pollutants to the allowed by the legislation. Photo-Fenton process was shown more efficient than Fenton process in the oxidation of BTEX and PAHs. Acid hydrolysis processes didn\'t present satisfactory results, just reducing the metals at the levels allowed for discard.
39

Efeito de dihidroxibenzenos na degradação de fenóis e fármacos por processos Fenton / Effect of dihydroxybenzenes on phenols and pharmaceuticals degradation in Fenton processes

Silva, Beatriz Costa e [UNESP] 03 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by BEATRIZ COSTA E SILVA null (beatriz.cs@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T17:21:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Beatriz DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1797620 bytes, checksum: 1c2996c54e6cb1bf19780447c42a7e60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:50:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_bc_dr_araiq.pdf: 1797620 bytes, checksum: 1c2996c54e6cb1bf19780447c42a7e60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_bc_dr_araiq.pdf: 1797620 bytes, checksum: 1c2996c54e6cb1bf19780447c42a7e60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os fármacos são detectados em ambiente aquático em concentrações que variam de ng L-1 a g L-1 e não são completamente removidos no tratamento convencional de águas residuais. Um dos Processos Oxidativos Avançados utilizados para a degradação de contaminantes recalcitrantes, como os fármacos, é o processo Fenton. Uma etapa limitante deste processo é a regeneração de Fe(II) em um ciclo catalítico Fe(II)/Fe(III) devido à rápida oxidação de Fe(II) a Fe(III) que se acumula em solução devido à lenta decomposição do H2O2 pelo Fe(III), que diminui a taxa de geração de •OH. Estudos revelam que a presença de dihidroxibenzenos, intermediários de degradação de compostos fenólicos, pode melhorar a eficiência das reações Fenton, uma vez que facilitam a geração de Fe(II) pela formação de um complexo onde o Fe(III) é reduzido por um mecanismo na esfera de coordenação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição de dihidroxibenzenos, adicionados ou formados como produtos de degradação de compostos fenólicos, na eficiência de degradação de fenol, paracetamol e ciprofloxacino no escuro, em relação à eficiência da irradiação e avaliar a presença dos dihidroxibenzenos durante a redução de Fe(III) no escuro comparando com a presença da irradiação com ferro livre e complexado. A adição de catecol e hidroquinona no início das reações, acelerou significativamente a taxa de degradação de fenol, paracetamol e ciprofloxacino com imediata detecção de Fe2+, apresentando maior taxa de geração de Fe2+ do que sob irradiação, comprovando que os dihidroxibenzenos são capazes de reduzir o Fe3+ de forma mais eficiente. No entanto, sob irradiação com ferro livre ou complexado maior quantidade de COT foi removida em relação à adição dos dihidroxibenzenos. Estes compostos dihidroxibenzenos formados como intermediários de reação mudaram drasticamente a cinética de degradação de fenol e paracetamol a partir de sua detecção no escuro. Onze produtos de degradação de paracetamol di e trihidroxilados e um produto de degradação de ciprofloxacino foram detectados, confirmando o ataque do radical hidroxila ao anel aromático de ambos os fármacos com ataque também ao grupo amina do paracetamol, ocorrendo a substituição do átomo de flúor no ciprofloxacino pela hidroxila. Portanto, a presença de contaminantes que contenham grupos fenólicos em águas residuais pode afetar a cinética de degradação inicial, aumentando a eficiência do processo de tratamento. / Drugs are detected in aquatic environments at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to g L-1 but are not completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment. One of the Advanced Oxidation Processes used for the removal of recalcitrant contaminants, such as the drugs, is Fenton process. A limiting step of this process is the regeneration of Fe(II) in the catalytic Fe(II)/Fe(III), cycle due to the quick oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), which accumulates in solution, due to the much slower reaction between Fe(III) and H2O2, which decreases the generation of •OH. Studies reported that the presence of dihydroxybenzenes, degradation intermediates of phenolic compounds, can improve the efficiency of Fenton reactions, since they facilitate Fe(II) generation by the formation of a complex where Fe(III) is reduced by a mechanism in the coordination sphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of dihydroxybenzenes, added or formed as degradation products of phenolic compounds, at phenol, paracetamol and ciprofloxacin degradation efficiency in the dark, in relation to irradiation efficiency and to evaluate the presence of dihydroxybenzenes in the reduction of Fe(III) in the dark, comparing with the presence of irradiation with free and complexed iron. The addition of catechol and hydroquinone at the beginning of the reactions significantly increased the rate of degradation of phenol, paracetamol and ciprofloxacin at immediate detection of Fe2+, showing a higher Fe2+ generation rate than under irradiation, proving that dihydroxybenzenes are capable to reduce Fe3+ more efficiently. However, under irradiation with free or complexed iron, a greater amount of TOC was removed in relation to dihydroxybenzenes addition. These dihydroxybenzene compounds formed as reaction intermediates changed dramatically a degradation kinetics of phenol and paracetamol from their detection in the dark. Ten di and trihydroxylated paracetamol degradation products and one ciprofloxacin degradation product were detected, confirming the radical hydroxyl attack on the aromatic ring of both drugs also attacking the amine group of paracetamol, with a substitution of the fluorine atom in ciprofloxacin by hydroxyl radical. Therefore, the presence of contaminants containing phenolic groups in wastewater can affect an initial degradation kinetics, increasing the efficiency of the treatment process.
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Tratamento de efluente têxtil através de processos redox e separação com membranas combinados / Treatment of textile wastewater by combination of redox and membrane separation processes

Rodrigo Neder Alvarenga 14 August 2009 (has links)
O processamento têxtil gera grande quantidade de despejos altamente poluidores, contendo valores elevados de carga orgânica, cor acentuada e compostos químicos tóxicos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Os efluentes têxteis apresentam uma variação muito grande na sua composição devido aos vários tipos de corantes e produtos químicos utilizados e isto faz o seu tratamento ser um problema complexo. Devido a estas implicações, novas tecnologias têm sido buscadas para a degradação ou imobilização destes compostos em efluentes têxteis dentre os quais a combinação de processos oxidativos avançados, redutivo e separação por membranas. Os processos de separação por membranas têm sido cada vez mais aplicados para separação, purificação e concentração de constituintes industriais, principalmente pelo desenvolvimento e eficiência da técnica e redução de custos com o passar dos anos. O processo redutivo utilizando Fe0 é bastante promissor, em função do custo relativamente baixo do ferro metálico e da sua elevada efetividade na degradação de contaminantes ambientais, sendo que após a oxidação do Fe0 a íons Fe2+ e Fe3+ estes íons podem ser aproveitados em sequência nos Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs). Os processos oxidativos avançados são tecnologias extremamente eficientes para destruição de compostos orgânicos de difícil degradação. Podem ser consideradas tecnologias limpas, pois não há a formação de subprodutos sólidos e nem a transferência de fase dos poluentes. Os POAs são baseados na geração de radicais fortemente oxidativos, principalmente o radical hidroxila (HOo), que destroem inúmeros compostos de maneira rápida e pouco seletiva, quando comparado aos processos convencionais, conduzindo a mineralização parcial ou completa dos contaminantes. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito destes processos na melhoria do efluente têxtil foi utilizado um efluente de uma indústria têxtil de grande porte do interior de São Paulo. Ao ser coletado, este efluente foi caracterizado e submetido à permeação por membranas de microfiltração (0,45 &#956;m). Este tratamento possibilitou a redução de 37,7 % do COT e 40,9 % da Área Espectral (200-800 nm) em comparação com o efluente original. O efluente oriundo do tratamento com membranas foi submetido, através de planejamento de experimentos, aos processos oxidativos avançados do tipo foto-Fenton e foto-Fenton avançado (utilizando Fe0) visando à melhoria para despejo ou reúso deste efluente. Na melhor condição de reação foi possível alcançar uma redução de aproximadamente 73,0 % em COT e 93,0 % em área espectral após uma hora de reação para os dois tipos de POAs. A combinação das tecnologias de membranas e processos oxidativos avançados mostrou-se extremamente positiva quanto à melhoria da deste efluente têxtil, possibilitando a redução em torno de 83,0 % do COT e 95,0 % da área espectral. / The textile manufacturing generates large amounts of highly polluting sewage containing high levels of organic load, color and chemical compounds toxic to human beings and to the environment. This textile wastewater has a great variation in its composition due to various types of dyes and chemicals used. All these considerations make the textile wastewater treatment a complex problem. Due to these implications, new technologies have been studied for degradation or immobilization of these compounds in textile wastewater among which the combination of advanced oxidative, reductive and separation with membranes processes. The separation processes with membranes have been increasingly applied for separation, purification and concentration of industrial components, mainly development in technology and efficient cost savings over the years. The reductive process using Fe0 is very promising because of the relatively low cost of metallic iron and its high effectiveness in the degradation of environmental contaminants. After the oxidation of Fe0 to Fe2+ and Fe3+ these ions can be used in sequence in the Advanced Oxidative Process (AOPs). The advanced oxidative process technologies are extremely effective for degradation of organic compounds with difficult degradation. It can be considered as a clean technology, because there is no formation of solid subproducts, neither the phase transfer of pollutants. The AOPs are based on the generation of highly oxidative radicals, particularly hydroxyl radical (HOo), which destroys many compounds to a rapid and low selective way compared with conventional process of treatment, leading to partial or complete mineralization of contaminants. A wastewater from a large textile industry in São Paulo was used in order to study the effect of these processes in the improvement of textile wastewater quality. Firstly, the wastewater was characterized and subjected to permeation by microfiltration membrane (0.45 &#956;m). This treatment allowed a reduction of 37.7 % of TOC and 40.9 % of spectral area (200-800 nm) compared to the original wastewater. The wastewater from the treatment with membranes was subjected, through design of experiments, the advanced oxidative processes of the type photo-Fenton and advanced photo-Fenton (using Fe0) aiming to improve the disposal or to reuse of wastewater. In the best experimental condition it was achieved a 73 % in TOC and 93 % in spectral area reduction after one hour of reaction for both types of AOPs. The membrane technologies and advanced oxidative combination process proved to be extremely positive on the textile wastewater quality improvement, resulting in a reduction of around 83 % of TOC and 95 % of spectral area.

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