Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-87). Also available in print.

Filiality (xiao) has been a significant concept in Chinese culture. Its significance is shown by the fact that its idea was elevated to a system of philosophy by Confucians in the Zhanguo period (475-221 B.C.E.). The purpose of this study is to clarify why filiality was important and what the philosophy of filiality essentially meant. Filiality was not merely a familial ethic. In the Western Zhou period (the 11th c. to 770 B.C.E.), it meant sacrifices to ancestors. Filiality toward fatherhood was essentially obedience to headship of lineage groups, and it was expressed in ancestor worship. When lineage gradually collapsed in the Chunqiu period (770-475 B.C.E.), its significance must have been restricted. In fact, however, filiality was given a new meaning by Zhanguo Confucians. First, Confucius emphasized the mental aspect of filiality, and then Mencius thought of filiality as the basis from which general ethics were generated. The various ideas of filiality were collected in a book: the Book of Filiality. This book, presenting the dichotomy between love and reverence, argued that a father-son relationship had an element shared by a monarch-retainer relationship and that filiality should be shifted into loyalty. The essential achievement of this philosophy was the recognition of the dualistic nature of human beings; any human relationship was a social relation between two social roles as well as an emotional connection between two characters. The former was the basis for culture and society. It was the aspect of culture inherent in human nature that should be developed to bring about social justice. This dualism was derived from the ambiguity of fatherhood in ancestor worship. As ancestor symbolized the social role of lineage headship, the philosophy of filiality symbolically connected fatherhood to the social role of authority in general. Filiality was identified with devotion to the absolute basis for humans and society that was symbolized by fatherhood. This thesis, analyzing ancient Chinese philosophy of filiality, presents a hypothesis concerning the essential structure of ancestor worship, which can be summarized as the symbolism representing higher levels of authority on the basis of parental authority.

Filiality (xiao) has been a significant concept in Chinese culture. Its significance is shown by the fact that its idea was elevated to a system of philosophy by Confucians in the Zhanguo period (475-221 B.C.E.). The purpose of this study is to clarify why filiality was important and what the philosophy of filiality essentially meant. Filiality was not merely a familial ethic. In the Western Zhou period (the 11th c. to 770 B.C.E.), it meant sacrifices to ancestors. Filiality toward fatherhood was essentially obedience to headship of lineage groups, and it was expressed in ancestor worship. When lineage gradually collapsed in the Chunqiu period (770-475 B.C.E.), its significance must have been restricted. In fact, however, filiality was given a new meaning by Zhanguo Confucians. First, Confucius emphasized the mental aspect of filiality, and then Mencius thought of filiality as the basis from which general ethics were generated. The various ideas of filiality were collected in a book: the Book of Filiality. This book, presenting the dichotomy between love and reverence, argued that a father-son relationship had an element shared by a monarch-retainer relationship and that filiality should be shifted into loyalty. The essential achievement of this philosophy was the recognition of the dualistic nature of human beings; any human relationship was a social relation between two social roles as well as an emotional connection between two characters. The former was the basis for culture and society. It was the aspect of culture inherent in human nature that should be developed to bring about social justice. This dualism was derived from the ambiguity of fatherhood in ancestor worship. As ancestor symbolized the social role of lineage headship, the philosophy of filiality symbolically connected fatherhood to the social role of authority in general. Filiality was identified with devotion to the absolute basis for humans and society that was symbolized by fatherhood. This thesis, analyzing ancient Chinese philosophy of filiality, presents a hypothesis concerning the essential structure of ancestor worship, which can be summarized as the symbolism representing higher levels of authority on the basis of parental authority. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

by Ho Keung-sing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Preface --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / Detailed Contents --- p.vii / Maps --- p.xi / Photos --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Profile of the Community --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- What is Filial Piety --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Approaches to study Filial Piety --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodological Debate in Sociology --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Major Characteristics of Positivism --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Rise of Positivism from the View of the Sociology of Knowledge --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Method and Instrument of Positivism --- p.20 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Major Characteristics of Anti-positivism --- p.22 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methodological Implications --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Research Problems --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Definitions of Variables --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Data Collection Methods and Methods of Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Data from Survey --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods of Analysis on the Survey --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3 --- Indepth Interview --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Analysis of Indepth Interview-----Verbal Description --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Findings --- p.71 / Chapter 6.1 --- The First Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Perception of Responsibility Fulfillment --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Second Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Present Request on Children --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Third Group Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Future Request on Children --- p.84 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Fourth Group Hypothesis-----The Effects of Parents' Perception on Respondents' Present and Future Request on Children --- p.104 / Chapter 6.5 --- LISREL Model and Some Alternatives --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Interpretation and Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter 7.1 --- Group One Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Perception of Responsibility Fulfillment --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2 --- Group Two Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Present Request on Children --- p.137 / Chapter 7.3 --- Group Three Hypothesis-----Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and the Future Request on Children --- p.139 / Chapter 7.4 --- Group Four Hypothesis-----The Effects of Parents' Perception on Respondents' Present and Future Request on Children --- p.142 / Chapter 7.5 --- Sex Role Effects on Elderly Care Perception --- p.143 / Chapter 7.6 --- The Relationship between Region and Elderly Care Perception --- p.147 / Chapter 7.7 --- Multi-variate Analysis --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.150 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Limitation and Suggestion --- p.152 / Bibliography --- p.154 / Appendices

近年來，全球經濟動盪的衝擊與中國社會的急速變遷，為大學生職業生涯發展帶來了種種挑戰。其中，“生涯決策困難與“低水平職業承諾為兩大凸顯的就業問題，使得“生涯應變力素質的培養成為迫切課題；但相關本土化研究卻極為匱乏。本研究基於生涯發展理論（Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990），旨在探索“父母期望與“孝道觀念，作為華人核心的家庭文化價值，如何影響大學生在應變力、決策困難及職業承諾方面的發展。來自上海18所高校的877名大學生（平均年齡21歲，男生占38.9%，女生占61.1%）填寫了《符合父母期望量表, LPEI》《與生涯有關的孝道觀念量表, C-FPS》《生涯應變力量表, CAAI》《情緒-人格生涯決策困難量表, EPCD》與《職業選擇承諾量表, CCCS》。研究結果顯示，父母期望與孝道觀念通過生涯應變能力影響決策困難及承諾形成的結構模型得到了很好的實證支持。另外，父母期望與孝道對職業生涯均有雙向作用，一方面會促進生涯應變力的發展，而另一方面也可能增加生涯決策過程中的困難體驗、導致低水平的職業承諾與趨於封閉的職業選擇。同時，孝道觀念在父母期望與職業發展之間表現出顯著的中介效應。最後，對本研究在華人生涯發展方面的理論及實踐意義進行了闡述，并對未來研究方向作出了展望（499字）。 / In recent years, the vagaries of global economy and rapid social transformation bring great challenges to university students. Graduates’ difficulty in employment has becoming one of the hottest issues in China. The difficulty of career decision-making and low level of career commitment emerging as two urgent employment problems, call for attention on the development of career adaptability. However, little research has identified key culture-related factors influencing such problems. Based on career developmental theory (Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990), this study aimed to investigate how parental expectation and filial piety, the core familial values of Asian culture, have impact on university students’ career adaptability, career decision-making difficulties and career choice commitment. Participants included 877 undergraduates from 18 universities and colleges in Shanghai (age{U+2090}{U+0076}{U+0065}{U+0072}{U+0061}{U+0067}{U+0065} = 21, N{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+006c}{U+0065} = 341, N{U+0066}{U+0065}{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+0069}{U+0065} = 536). They completed Living-up to Parental Expectation Inventory, Career-related Filial Piety Scale, Career Adapt-Ability Inventory, Emotional and Personality-related Career decision-making Difficulties, and Commitment to Career Choice Scale. The data empirically supported hypothesized model that perceived parental expectation and filial piety influence career decision-making difficulty and career commitment through career adaptability very well. The results also revealed double-effect of perceived parental expectation and filial piety, as well as the significant mediating effect of the latter on career development. The theoretical and practical implication of Chinese career guidance was discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李希希. / "2013年05月". / "2013 nian 5 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Xixi. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究概述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 當前中國大學生職業生涯發展的本土境遇與挑戰 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 求學-工作轉折期的特殊發展任務 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 華人家庭情境因素對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的與研究問題 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究的重要性 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 理論方面 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 實踐方面 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- 關于大學生職業生涯發展的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 關于生涯應變力的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- 生涯應變力的概念內涵及其理論背景 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- 關于生涯應變力的實證研究 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- 關于生涯應變力文獻回顧的小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的文獻綜述 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- 生涯决策困難的概念化 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的相關實證研究 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- 關于生涯决策困難文獻回顧的小結 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 關於職業承諾的文獻綜述 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- 職業承諾的概念界定與二維度模型 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- 關于職業承諾的實證研究 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- 關于職業承諾文獻綜述的小結 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- 關于家庭情境因素影響大學生職業生涯發展的文獻綜述 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 依戀關係對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- 依戀關係對生涯選擇的影響 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- 依戀關係對生涯探索的影響 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- 依戀關係對生涯追求與生涯决策的影響 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- 關于依戀關係的小結 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 父母支持對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- 父母支持對職業效能感的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- 父母支持對生涯抱負的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- 父母支持對生涯探索與决策困難的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- 關于父母支持的小結 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 父母期望對教育抱負與生涯抱負的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- 父母期望對生涯選擇與生涯决策的影響 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- 父母期望對生涯成就的影響 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- 關于父母期望的小結 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- 孝道觀念的概念化發展 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- 關于孝道觀念的實證研究 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- 關于孝道觀念文獻回顧的小結 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- 集體主義衝突對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- 集體主義衝突的概念化與中西文化價值的存 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- 家庭情境中的集體主義衝突:孝道對父母期望的矛盾回應 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- 關于集體主義衝突的小結 --- p.72 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與研究假設 --- p.74 / Chapter 第四章 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1 --- 信效度檢驗樣本 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- 研究程序與數據分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- 信效度檢驗方法及標準界定 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 信度分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 因素效度分析及等同性檢驗 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 對職業選擇承諾量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.3.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- 對符合父母期望量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5 --- 對測量工具信效度檢驗的小結 --- p.114 / Chapter 第五章 --- 研究結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1 --- 研究樣本 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2 --- 交互樣本信效度檢驗結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- 數據分析方法 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 對職業承諾傾向與封閉傾向的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 對感知到的父母期望的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念的描述性分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 職業生涯變量之間的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 父母期望與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- 孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.126 / Chapter 5.6 --- 對父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的結構模型檢驗 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與承諾傾向的結構模型 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與封閉傾向的結構模型 --- p.128 / Chapter 5.7 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業生涯變量之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.135 / Chapter 5.8 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.9 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難與職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- 生涯應變力對職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.147 / Chapter 5.10 --- 關于研究結果的小結 --- p.150 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究討論 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.1 --- 性別及年級的影響 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難與低職業承諾的積極保護效應 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難的緩解作用 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 生涯應變力對低職業承諾的保護作用 --- p.156 / Chapter 6.3 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念是職業生涯發展的“雙刃劍 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的雙向影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的積極影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的消極影響 --- p.159 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進或阻礙作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的阻礙作用 --- p.162 / Chapter 6.4 --- 孝道觀念具有關鍵性的中介效應 --- p.163 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介效應 --- p.165 / Chapter 6.5 --- 探討父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業承諾的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業封閉的整合模型 --- p.167 / Chapter 第七章 --- 研究總結與未來展望 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.1 --- 研究總結 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.2 --- 研究意義 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.3 --- 未來研究展望 --- p.171 / Chapter 7.4 --- 研究局限 --- p.173 / 參考文獻 --- p.174 / 附錄 --- p.199