Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75). / Much of the developed world operates under what is referred to as liberal democratic capitalism. This implies government by the people, operating in a free and profit driven market, which in theory suggests an equality of voice and access to markets for personal profit. However the 'powerful movements of acceleration and excess' which Auge refers to above are less to do with the intentions of a liberal democratic capita list system and more accidental effects of it. This dissertation explores the constant push of commerce and the digital communication revolution as contributory factors to this hypermodern or globalised state.

Globally mental health is widely regarded by scholars as a neglected public health issue. Documentary film is recognised as an appropriate medium for addressing social and political issues, and mental health is both of these. Country comparative documentary films on mental health, set in low and middle-income countries, appear to be lacking. Prorgramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME) works in five low and middle income countries, two of which were selected for the film (Nepal and South Africa). This was motivated by across continent comparisons, financial and logistical viability within a one year timeframe, global interest and appeal and the support of PRIME colleagues and local country partners. Based on qualitative research including a literature review and 40 indepth interviews with stakeholders, this essay reports on, and critically assesses the ethical and production processes involved in making the documentary film. The essay includes several elements. Firstly, it considers the power relationship between the filmmaker and the subject. Whilst Nichols, Aufderheide and colleagues present useful ethical considerations for making a documentary film, both from the subject and audience perspectives, more care is required when making a film with persons living with mental illness. This is particularly because the subject may not have the mental capacity to consent, and if they do, participating in the media production process could potentially exacerbate their condition. Having weighed these risks up with the benefits of representing persons living with mental illness, and giving them a voice, the decision was made to give persons living with mental illness the opportunity to represent themselves. Secondly, and having made the decision to allow for representation, the various documentary modes (expository, performative, poetic, observational, reflexive, participatory) conceived by Nichols were explored, in an attempt to identify a conceptual framework for the film. The performative mode was most appropriate for telling deeply personal stories, and providing patients with an opportunity to be represented. However, this mode was ideally complemented with elements of the expository (verbal commentary of experts), poetic (use of rhythm, emotion and music), observational (footage of patients in their daily routines, and of their environment for cutaways) and participatory (through direct engagement between filmmaker and subject) modes. 2 Having identified a conceptual framework, the third element involved the institutional research ethics processes. These processes contributed to a more ethically sensitive film production. This included a check for mental health service users to ensure that they do have the capacity to consent. The process of developing a research protocol highlighted the synergistic benefits of integrating a qualitative research method in the form of in-depth interviews into the film production process (and vice versa), whilst remaining cognisant of not compromising research findings for more visually appealing footage. Following a research process for the production also contributed to a more robust discussion guide after translating communication objectives into research objectives. Finally, the process of implementing the film's production, and post-production, was assessed. A host of steps were identified, which included securing the funding for the filmmaking, establishing stakeholders support, briefing the crew on the vision and purpose of the documentary and having access to equipment and translators. During the post production process, a systematic approach to editing using a script outline was helpful in identifying main themes, and to ensure the narrative flow. Despite its typical use in fictional filmmaking, the three-act structure was fitting as a framework for the narrative. Timecoding during translation and transcription was found to be particularly expedient for inserting English sub-titles. The country comparative approach revealed similaries and differences, and developing and implementing stakeholder specific distribution strategies (including conferences, symposia, film festivals and broadcasters) was identified as critical to the public dissemination and reach of the film. Documentary film, and the performative mode complemented by other modes, has shown to be an advantageous means of representing persons living with mental illness, and their families. However, the paper calls for more evaluation research regarding the impact of the film on the main patient characters, amongst other stakeholders such as health workers and policy makers. The paper also proposes the integration of media production into a research process for researchers interested in using this medium to visually communicate their research findings, emphasising the value of systematically using the research findings to develop a narrative script in the context of a typical three act structure. A distribution strategy was also identified as necessary to maximise the research and stakeholder impact of the film.

Includes bibliographical references. / This study is located between the contradiction that youth is politically disinterested and that youth is very much politically engaged. Some scholars have argued that youth political disinterest is a threat to the life of the traditional public sphere and democracy. Against the notion of the youth's disinterest and disaffection from politics, this study points out the deficit in exploratory studies that examine and explore the relationship between young people and their political participation both in the on/offline context. In light of the contradiction as well, this current study asked the following question: how does a group of South African youth use social media to participate in the virtual public sphere? Also, what are the views of a group of South African youth about political participation (via their use of traditional and new/social media)?

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-92). / The introduction explicates the nature of narrative literary journalism and situates the four stories within this edifice. This body of work experiments with the classical form of narrative literary journalism. The Soul Searcher tells the story of the ethnomusicologist John Turest-Swartz who wants to promote the little known rural musician Louisa Steenkamp. It traces the development of an indigenous South African band over a period of one year. Thumeka in the Dunes is a career portrait in the context of urban nature conservation. The protagonist Thumeka Mdlazi is both part of the obstacle - the community threatening the nature reserve - and its solution, as a protector of the dunes. A Place to Live under the Rainbow deals with the repeated attacks against Somali refugees in South Africa portraying victims and perpetrators alike. On a meta-level, the story also reflects on the topic of xenophobia in a more discursive style. A Runner's Mind is a first-person creative non-fiction narrative. The core of the story is the motivation for ultra-marathon runner Randall Turner to keep running. This account is framed by my own personal reflections on running and non-running. All stories are anchored in a South African social setting and reflect people's struggles and small achievements in overcoming seemingly hopeless situations.

Includes bibliographical references. / The city of Johannesburg is globally identified with issues of inequality, prejudice and transformation. This identification is reinforced by the city's representation in film, in particular those of the post-apartheid era, which tend to emphasize the city's problems. The transformative power of living in Johannesburg, in particular how this experience impacts and shifts the personalities and experiences of the city's inhabitants, is often ignored. This thesis sets out to explore and analyse the consequences of engagement with Johannesburg by exploring the impact of the city on the protagonists in four post-apartheid Johannesburg films. The films that will be analysed - Jump the Gun (1996), Hijack Stories (2000), Tsotsi (2005), and District 9 (2009) - portray life in post-apartheid Johannesburg. These films were chosen because they have narratives that illustrate character transformation through exposure to the city of Johannesburg. The decision to focus on films that depict this era is deliberate, and I have done this in order to identify a new way of living in Johannesburg that is unique to this time period. In addition, the spread of years highlights how the experience of living in Johannesburg has changed over time.

This dissertation examines the ways in which violence and trauma are represented in two novels - Lídia Jorge’s A Costa dos Murmúrios (1988) and Mia Couto’s Terra Sonâmbula (1992) - and the cinematic adaptations of those novels - Margarida Cardoso’s A Costa dos Murmúrios (2004) and Teresa Prata’s Terra Sonâmbula (2007). All four works take place in Mozambique and actively engage with the two primary conflicts that occurred in that country - the Mozambican War of Independence (also known as the Anti-Colonial War), fought between 1964 and 1974, and the Mozambican Civil War, fought between 1977 and 1992. In order to provide suitable context for the textual and theoretical analysis found in the body of the dissertation, the study begins by providing a brief review of the history of cinema in Mozambique, focussing primarily on the period stretching from the start of the Anti-Colonial War in 1964 to the present day. It also examines the concept of national cinema, and whether such an idea is justifiable in a Mozambican context. The study continues by considering, in Chapter 2, the concept of adaptation and its limits. This chapter also provides an historical background for some of the atrocities committed during the Mozambican Civil War. Chapter 3 consists of close textual analysis of the two versions of A Costa dos Murmúrios. The chapter identifies two main themes running through both works - the question of subjectivity and a postmodern presentation of history, and the tense, erotic relationship that exists between the two main female protagonists of the narrative, both of whom end up the victims of severe trauma. Chapter 4 looks at the literary and cinematic incarnations of Terra Sonâmbula, with special attention paid to the function of magical realism in both works. This chapter argues that Couto uses magical realism as a sort of coping mechanism which allows his characters to remain hopeful, while the relative absence of magical realism in Prata’s film results in an entirely different representation of both the Mozambican Civil War and the experience of those who lived through it. This work concludes by arguing against too essentialist an understanding of how we define and categorise works of art, regardless of medium. Finally, it calls for further English-language scholarship in the field of Lusophone African cinema.

This dissertation investigates the diverse practices of sexting within the context of youth culture in South Africa. There is not yet a clear consensus on the definition of “sexting”, but in this case, it is understood as sending and receiving messages or images via social media that have sexual content, especially nude photographs. This research focuses on young heterosexual people in Cape Town from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, exploring their motives and practices within the context of sexting. In this study 28 individuals aged 13 to 21 participated in in-depth, open-ended interviews which produced qualitative data. This research identifies and combines the theoretical works of Erving Goffman’s (1959) impression management theory and Marcel Mauss’s (1969) theory of gift-giving as lenses through which to study sexting. Both theories are still relevant due to the enduringly performative nature of social interactions. The data garnered from this study confirms that the rules of impression management and reciprocity and exchange apply in the era of social media in that sexting is a practice of social exchange whereby participants try to create the best possible persona, in order to form and secure relationships. Young people negotiate social obligations, status and power in a gendered society in relation to gift-exchange and reciprocity on mobile devices. The study further highlights that although sexism exists in this sphere of society, and sexting practices are fraught with gender inequities and double standards, young women are fighting to maintain a favourable online persona, by countering the derogatory term ‘fuck-boy’. Currently South African law prohibits sexting amongst minors, punishable as a crime. This dissertation argues that young people are motivated by pleasure and pressure to sext; excluding them from the public sphere of social media or trying to control their online sexual practice, is unlikely to prevent harm. Furthermore, humiliating or punishing minors for engaging in sexual activity online could be harmful in itself.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-136). / This thesis considers the constructions of discourses of masculinities by contemporary South African men's lifestyle magazines, and examines the extent to which they are simply mainstream promulgators of 'old school' patriarchy and soft porn, or the ways in which they offer new and complex models of modem masculinity. The thesis further examines whether local men's lifestyle magazines perhaps represent a unique synthesis within masculine discourses? This study explores how a new understanding of the discourses of masculinity can help to explain the commonly held assumption that masculinity is in 'crisis'. The post-structuralist study explores the discourses through textual analysis, employing a social semiotic and Critical Discourse Analysis multimodal approach which links the social with the representational. The study concentrates its analysis on the most prevalent discourses in the text. The research takes the form of the textual analysis of four articles taken from prominent South African men's lifestyle magazines. In response to suggestions that no generalised 'crisis' in masculinity exists because patriarchy is still very much intact, this thesis suggests that appreciating identity as self-reflexive provides a different understanding of the anxiety surrounding contemporary masculinity. Gender as a self-reflexive project allows the self to be constructed from a multitude of resources resulting in the apprehension of choice. This study attempts to show how the discursive space created in the discourses of masculinity in men's magazines provides the reader with an intimate, yet emotionally elusive place where the reader can navigate these ambiguities of contemporary masculinity.

If one reads a broad sample of interviews that have been conducted with South African filmmakers or film writers, then one might start to see a pattern in the types of complaints that emerge. Among these common complaints, one finds a widespread belief that the state is generally unwilling to fund certain types of films, and that contemporary South African audiences will avoid certain types of films. This dissertation explored whether the concept of Rainbowism could be adapted to theorise some reasons as to why the South African film industry seems to privilege certain narratives, whilst silencing others. A situation that is troubling when one considers South Africa's recent history. To accomplish this task, the author did a vast amount of reading on the subject of Rainbowism in general and on post-apartheid South African cinema in particular. From these numerous sources a way forward was synthesised. Rainbowism was defined in terms of myth and counter myth and its role in the creation of a new post-apartheid South African identity was also explored. Following this, South African cinema was historically contextualised and the state film-funding environment was explored. This was done in order to see the engagement between Rainbowism and the various funding bodies. It was shown that the emphasis on adapting to the post-apartheid state's neo-liberal economic policies had resulted in a situation in which film financing bodies such as the National Film and Video Foundation did not allow for audiences to grow in response to films. Rather, films had to be tailored to suit the preferences of existing audiences. This had a negative effect on those filmmakers that sought to try new things for which there might not yet have been an audience. Furthermore, it was also shown that South Africa's relatively peaceful transition from apartheid to democracy has become a feature of international co-productions; the desire to sell the idea of the rainbow nation has effected the types of engagements with the past that are displayed in these films.

Despite the extensive literature on men and masculinities in South Africa, researchers have largely overlooked the role of digitally mediated networked publics in the coproduction and negotiation of contemporary masculinities. This dissertation attempts to fill the gap by engaging in an exploration of networked masculinities in South African Black Twitter through the analysis of two recent case studies. The first case study looks at the hashtag #MensConference, a fictional conference organised by men in opposition to Valentine's Day. The second focuses on the #MenAreTrash movement, a digital feminist campaign against gender-based violence, and men's response through the hashtag #WomenAreTrash. Employing a small data approach, this dissertation engages in a critical thematic analysis of a selection of tweets for each of the hashtags through the theoretical lens of critical masculinity studies. The dissertation takes a decolonial approach to African digital media research by examining the digital experiences of African men as sites for knowledge creation in their own right. In accordance with the notion of masculinity as multiple, fluid and discursive, the analysis uncovered a wide range of masculinity discourses on South African Twitter across a traditional-liberal spectrum. While expressions of sexism and misogyny were common throughout the sample, men also upheld alternative and progressive models of manhood. The affordances of social media provided men with a space to express themselves, but also to police and contest each other's masculinities through in-group dynamics that worked to reinforce patriarchal hegemony. The dissertation also provides insights into the role of women in shaping online discourses of masculinity by both challenging and reinforcing vii gender power structures. The findings present similarities with previous studies on networked masculinities from the Global North, for instance, in the anti-feminist resistance strategies deployed against #MenAreTrash. However, the interactions between black South African men on Twitter were defined by their specific social, economic and cultural context, with local media and consumerist culture playing a substantial role in influencing networked masculinities. Ultimately, this research demonstrates the critical role of social media, and Black Twitter in particular, as a prominent space for both the reproduction and contestation of hegemonic masculinities in South Africa. The dissertation concludes by highlighting the value of social media for researching the relational processes of co-construction and performance of contemporary South African masculinities, as well as its potential for gender justice efforts working to promote progressive masculinities in the country.