Void fraction is an essential parameter for understanding the interfacial structure, and heat and mass transfer mechanisms in various gas-liquid flow systems. It becomes critically important to accurately measure void fraction as advanced high fidelity two-phase flow models require high-quality validation data. However, void fraction measurement remains a challenging task to date due to the complexity and rapid-changing characteristic of the gas-liquid boundary flow structure. This study aims to develop an advanced void fraction measurement system based on x-ray and fast line detector technologies. The dissertation has covered the major components necessary to develop a complete measurement system. Spectral analysis of x-ray attenuation in two-phase flow has been performed, and a new void fraction model is developed based on the analysis. The newly developed pixel-to-radial conversion algorithm is capable of converting measured void fraction along with the detector array to the radial distribution in a circular pipe for a wide range of void fraction conditions. The x-ray system attains the radial distributions of key measurable factors such as void fraction and gas velocity. The data are compared with the double-sensor conductivity probe and gas flowmeter for various flow conditions. The results show reasonable agreements between the x-ray and the other measurement techniques. Finally, various 2-D tomography algorithms are implemented for the non-axisymmetric two-phase flow reconstruction. A comprehensive summary of classical absorption tomography for the two-phase flow study is provided. An in-depth sensitivity study is carried out using synthetic bubbles, aiming to investigate the effect of various uncertainty factors such as background noise, off-center shift, void profile effect, etc. The sensitivity study provides a general guideline for the performance of existing 2-D reconstruction algorithms. / Doctor of Philosophy / Gas-liquid flow phenomenon exists in an extensive range of natural and engineering systems, for example, hydraulic pipelines in a nuclear reactor, heat exchanger, pump cavitation, and boilers in the gas-fired power stations. Accurate measurement of the void fraction is essential to understand the behaviors of the two-phase flow phenomenon. However, measuring void fraction distribution in two-phase flow is a difficult task due to its complex and fast-changing interfacial structure. This study developed a comprehensive suite of the non-intrusive x-ray measurement techniques, and a pixel-to-radial conversion algorithm to process the line- and time-averaged void fraction information. The newly developed algorithm, called the Area-based Onion-Peeling (ABOP) method, can convert the pixel measurement to the radial void fraction distribution, which is more useful for studying and modeling axisymmetric flows. Various flow conditions are measured and evaluated for the benchmarking of the algorithm. Finally, classical 2-D reconstruction algorithms are investigated for the void fraction measurement in non-axisymmetric flows. A comprehensive summary of the performance of these algorithms for a two-phase flow study is provided. An in-depth sensitivity study using synthetic bubbles has been performed to examine the effect of uncertainty factors and to benchmark the algorithms for the non-axisymmetric flows.