The impact of the global financial crisis, which has its origins in the United States, reverberated through the private sector and brought some country economies to their knees. This highlighted the interconnectedness of world economies. Big companies filed for bankruptcy whiles others were acquired in a bid to avoid total annihilation. Unemployment levels reached terrifying heights. While the world economy was unravelling and the legitimacy of governments was determined by their ability to alleviate the financial pressures their citizens were under; another group was feeling the pressure. However, the impact the financial crisis has had on group has not received nearly as much attention. Although the non-profit sector may not feature highly on the economic scales and matrices; it is part a part of the global economic fabric. It receives funds from governments, corporates, foundations, philanthropists and individual citizens. The size of the donations they receive correlates to the size of the disposable income of their donors. It therefore follows that when the world economy unravelled; non-profit organisations saw a marked decline in the funds received. This paper sets to establish not only how the South African non-profit sector responded to what became a funding crisis for them; but also to test their responsive strategies within the framework of the strategy process. An exploratory research method was used to investigate this problem, and the results showed on the one hand, a spirited sector that has taken the challenge on by adopting more commercial thinking to ensure their financial sustainability. On the other it was found that challenges with a key strategic partner prevailed as well as the challenge of accepting the incongruence of embracing commercial practices vis-à-vis holding deep social mission values. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / zkgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

A falência empresarial é um problema enfrentado mundialmente. Especialmente no Brasil, a falência de empresas com poucos anos de vida causa diversos danos aos seus stakeholders, ou seja, todos os seus interessados - sócios, funcionários, sociedade em geral e governo. Estas organizações fracassam por falta de sustentabilidade financeira. A sustentabilidade financeira é um tema que está em desenvolvimento e vai além de aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo que proporcione a sustentabilidade empresarial, ou seja, sua perpetuidade. Para isso, acrescentam-se outros pontos importantes como o Capital de Giro, Riscos operacionais e a \"imagem\" da empresa, Gestão Financeira Humana composta de Sucessão e aspectos comportamentais, e Geração de Valor e Competitividade. O modelo visa apresentar a importância da perpetuidade empresarial, assim como a complexidade do conceito da sustentabilidade. / Business bankruptcy is a problem faced all round the world. Especially in Brazil, bankruptcy of young firms causes several damages on yours stakeholders witch are all the interested - member of society, employees, society generally speaking and government. These organizations fail by shortage of financial sustainability. Financial sustainability is a theme that\'s on development and goes farther than environmental, socials, and economics aspects. The objective of this study was to develop a model that offers the firm sustainability, that is, your perpetuity. For that, were added other important points like Working Capital, Operational Risks and the \"image\" of the firm, Human Financial Management composed by Succession and behavior aspects, and Value Generation and Competitiveness. The model aims to show the importance of the business perpetuity and the complexity of the sustainability concept.

Business incubation is a dynamic process of business enterprise development. Incubators nurture young firms, helping them to survive and grow during the start-up period. Among various types of incubators the university-based incubators are particularly studied. Although most university incubators are quite successful in terms of the success rate and the growth rate of tenant companies, their financial contributions to the sponsoring universities, however, are still not satisfied. It is found that behind the successful history records there are still some barriers impeding the development of an efficient incubator. In this research, a new model, which integrates merits of public and private incubators into the university incubator, is proposed for the betterment of its management scheme. The goal is to develop a successful incubator, which can earn profits not only for its own financial sustainability but also be able to generate income for the university. The outcomes of this research are summarized as follows: 1. From questionnaire survey around more than 100 university incubators around the world, this research received constructive opinions from incubator experts to support the proposed concept. This inspires the author to consider the necessity of a new incubation model for long-term sustainability. 2. The method of this survey study combines the Delphi Method and Scenario Analysis, called modified Delphi method, for worldwide survey and the Microsoft Excel method for data statistic for both of the Taiwan and worldwide surveys. By breaking down long questionnaire into two successive surveys, the replied rate did significantly increase. 3. An integrative framework for the new incubation model has been proposed for the sustainable operation of university incubator. National Taiwan University has validated this model in a similar way. 4. The process of privatization of university incubator is proposed to meet the university administrative procedure. Both of the government initialized top-down and incubator initialized bottom-up processes are considered. A Business Plan to suit for the proposed incubation company is also designed in this work. The sustainability in terms of financial status has been predicted based on some reasonable assumptions. 5. In order to verify the proposed model, three case studies through on-site visits have been carried out to compare their incubation systems and financial status up-to-date. This can provide a guideline to adjust the proposed model of this work. Finally, a comprehensive conclusion and discussions are given to summarize the contribution and future work of this research.

In this thesis, different ways to evaluate social business are compared and discussed.The relatively new concept “social business” is used to describe a private sector enterprise, the purpose of which is not primarily to maximise profit but to achieve a social mission. However, in doing so, it needs to be sustainable in financial terms, and this means that sufficient profitability is a necessary condition. (Environmental sustainability is another important prerequisite, which is not discussed in depth here).Assessing the success of a social business, it is therefore necessary to evaluate both the social impact and the financial viability. This means, on one hand, using appropriate evaluation methods that have mainly been developed for the public sector and the civil society. Such methods are based on unequal power relations requiring accountability – a concept not normally used in the private sector, where funding is based on a voluntary exchange of money for goods or services. On the other hand, not all traditional methods for assessing performance in a private sector company are suitable for determining financial sustainability in a social business. Nevertheless, existing methods should be used where appropriate.Among the findings are:- the importance of the local context and particular features, which makes comparisons between different social businesses difficult, and which necessitates adaptions of assessment methods- that several financial indicators, used for for-profit business, may also be useful for social business (especially those related to revenue trends and liquidity). However such indicators are based on accounting (history) rather than a forward-looking analysis of the business environment, and may not be fully comparable.- that the main purpose of impact evaluation is the need to improve operations, but also to enhance legitimacy among stake-holders and – to some extent – regulators and prospective investors. Stake-holder involvement is therefore normally an advantage.- that methods that build on monetising outcomes and impacts (for example Social Return on Investment) are normally less appropriate than models that use non-monetary forms for publishing evaluation results, eg. anecdotal analyses- that with the exception of evaluations done by the academia to increase knowledge, available resources will normally not be sufficient to carry out fully fledged external evaluations using methods to establish a counterfactual situation.The development of social business also challenges traditional economic assumptions of the profit maximising individual through introducing such concepts as solidarity, social capital and citizenship. The fact that in several ways, social business crosses the borderline between on one hand the private sector and on the other hand public sector and civil society makes it necessary for representatives from many different academic fields to cooperate closely in future research: economics, business administration, political and social scientists etc.

Business incubation is a dynamic process of business enterprise development. Incubators nurture young firms, helping them to survive and grow during the start-up period. Among various types of incubators the university-based incubators are particularly studied. Although most university incubators are quite successful in terms of the success rate and the growth rate of tenant companies, their financial contributions to the sponsoring universities, however, are still not satisfied. It is found that behind the successful history records there are still some barriers impeding the development of an efficient incubator. In this research, a new model, which integrates merits of public and private incubators into the university incubator, is proposed for the betterment of its management scheme. The goal is to develop a successful incubator, which can earn profits not only for its own financial sustainability but also be able to generate income for the university. The outcomes of this research are summarized as follows: 1. From questionnaire survey around more than 100 university incubators around the world, this research received constructive opinions from incubator experts to support the proposed concept. This inspires the author to consider the necessity of a new incubation model for long-term sustainability. 2. The method of this survey study combines the Delphi Method and Scenario Analysis, called modified Delphi method, for worldwide survey and the Microsoft Excel method for data statistic for both of the Taiwan and worldwide surveys. By breaking down long questionnaire into two successive surveys, the replied rate did significantly increase. 3. An integrative framework for the new incubation model has been proposed for the sustainable operation of university incubator. National Taiwan University has validated this model in a similar way. 4. The process of privatization of university incubator is proposed to meet the university administrative procedure. Both of the government initialized top-down and incubator initialized bottom-up processes are considered. A Business Plan to suit for the proposed incubation company is also designed in this work. The sustainability in terms of financial status has been predicted based on some reasonable assumptions. 5. In order to verify the proposed model, three case studies through on-site visits have been carried out to compare their incubation systems and financial status up-to-date. This can provide a guideline to adjust the proposed model of this work. Finally, a comprehensive conclusion and discussions are given to summarize the contribution and future work of this research.

A falência empresarial é um problema enfrentado mundialmente. Especialmente no Brasil, a falência de empresas com poucos anos de vida causa diversos danos aos seus stakeholders, ou seja, todos os seus interessados - sócios, funcionários, sociedade em geral e governo. Estas organizações fracassam por falta de sustentabilidade financeira. A sustentabilidade financeira é um tema que está em desenvolvimento e vai além de aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo que proporcione a sustentabilidade empresarial, ou seja, sua perpetuidade. Para isso, acrescentam-se outros pontos importantes como o Capital de Giro, Riscos operacionais e a \"imagem\" da empresa, Gestão Financeira Humana composta de Sucessão e aspectos comportamentais, e Geração de Valor e Competitividade. O modelo visa apresentar a importância da perpetuidade empresarial, assim como a complexidade do conceito da sustentabilidade. / Business bankruptcy is a problem faced all round the world. Especially in Brazil, bankruptcy of young firms causes several damages on yours stakeholders witch are all the interested - member of society, employees, society generally speaking and government. These organizations fail by shortage of financial sustainability. Financial sustainability is a theme that\'s on development and goes farther than environmental, socials, and economics aspects. The objective of this study was to develop a model that offers the firm sustainability, that is, your perpetuity. For that, were added other important points like Working Capital, Operational Risks and the \"image\" of the firm, Human Financial Management composed by Succession and behavior aspects, and Value Generation and Competitiveness. The model aims to show the importance of the business perpetuity and the complexity of the sustainability concept.

<p>This study focused on governance and financial sustainability of NGO's in South Africa. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate existing governance and financial arrangements of NGO's, CBO's and CSO's with the view to developing alternative approaches to governance and financial arrangements with specific reference to lessons of experiences for South African NGO's. The secondary objectives of the study were to firstly develop a historical perspective on trends and tendencies of NGO funding in South Africa.</p>

A problemática deste trabalho foi originada pela recente criação do Hospital de Ensino Odontológico da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram pesquisadas quais formas de caracterização jurídica poderiam ser mais adequadas para a gestão do HEO visando apurar alternativas de desburocratização de processos de aquisições e contratação de pessoal. A partir dessa pesquisa são discutidas três alternativas: Organizações Sociais, Fundações de Apoio e Órgão Auxiliar com destaque orçamentário. Também é proposta uma sistemática para apoiar a gestão de custos do hospital com a finalidade de manter a instituição sustentável econômico e financeiramente. A sistemática preliminarmente proposta está estrutura num roteiro com 7 fases: (i) Compreensão da estrutura organizacional da empresa; (ii) Identificação dos centros de custos; (iii) Identificação dos recursos consumidos pelos centros de custos e distribuição dos custos pelos centros de custos; (iv) Identificação das atividades desenvolvidas na instituição; (v) Quantificação dos recursos consumidos pelas atividades desenvolvidas detalhando os insumos e custos fixos; (vi) Análise dos resultados; (vii) Proposição de melhorias. Por fim são apresentados os resultados possíveis de serem implementados, conclusões e propostas de melhorias e de trabalhos futuros sobre o tema. / The problematic of this work was originated by the recent creation of the Dental Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. For this purpose, it was investigated which forms of juridical characterization could be more adequate for the management of HEO in order to determine alternatives of debureaucratization of procurement processes and hiring of personnel. Based on this research, three alternatives were discussed: Social Organizations, Support Foundations and Auxiliary Organ with budgetary emphasis. A system was also proposed to support the hospital's cost management in order to keep the institution economically and financially sustainable. The systematics preliminarily proposed is structure in a script with 7 phases: (i) Understanding of the organizational structure of the company; (ii) Identification of cost centers; (iii) Identification of resources consumed by cost centers and distribution of costs by cost centers; (iv) Identification of the activities carried out at the institution; (v) Quantification of the resources consumed by the activities developed detailing the inputs and fixed costs; (vi) Analysis of results; (vii) Proposals for improvements. Finally, this study presents the possible results to be implemented, conclusions and proposals for improvements and future work on the theme.

A sustentabilidade é um tema aceito pelo mercado e que vem ganhando destaque em várias áreas. Este trabalho traz a sua aplicação na área financeira com o intuito de contribuir para desenvolvimento das empresas. Dessa forma, foi realizada a análise de conteúdo para esclarecer as concepções do tema, que ainda não são claras. Para isso, duas técnicas complementares foram utilizadas: Revisão Sistemática e Categorização. A Revisão sistemática permitiu compreender os conceitos influentes na sustentabilidade e a sua aplicação. Já a Categorização foi utilizada para analisar os principais modelos de previsão de insolvência citados na literatura brasileira. O objetivo geral foi verificar se o desconhecimento dos fatores da sustentabilidade financeira contribui para o insucesso das empresas. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho foram a) apresentar as concepções da sustentabilidade b) identificar as causas do insucesso empresarial c) extrair as principais variáveis dos modelos de previsão de insolvência d) apresentar os fatores do sucesso financeiro e) Compilar os fatores e desenvolver um modelo de Sustentabilidade Financeira. Os resultados contribuíram para o esclarecimento do tema e permitiram a elaboração de um modelo teórico de Sustentabilidade Financeira Empresarial, aplicável às empresas brasileiras. / Sustainability is accepted by the market and that has been gaining attention in several areas subject. This work brings its application in the financial area in order to contribute to business development. Therefore, content analysis was performed to clarify the concepts of the subject, which are not yet clear. For this, two complementary techniques were used: Systematic Review and Classification. A systematic review has allowed to understand the influential concepts in sustainability and its application. Categorization already been used to analyze the main insolvency prediction models cited in the Brazilian literature. The overall objective was to determine whether the lack of financial sustainability of the factors contributing to the failure of companies. The specific objectives of this study were a) to present the concepts of sustainability b) identify the causes of business failure c) extracting the main variables of the model prediction of insolvency d) present the factors of success and financial e) to compile the factors and develop a model Financial Sustainability. The results helped to clarify the issue and allowed the elaboration of a theoretical model of Financial Sustainability Company applicable to Brazilian companies.

Higher education is in a challenging financial time. Overall, states are investing considerably less in higher education than they did a decade ago and students are paying significantly more in tuition and fees. Simultaneously, the higher education landscape is changing – changing in terms of demographics, modes of delivery, workforce needs, funding and cost structures, and perceptions of value. Almost every day there is a new media story about a college or university experiencing financial difficulties. With decreasing confidence from campus financial officers in the long-term sustainability of their institutions and campus closures expected to escalate in the coming years, there is a significant need to better understand higher education financial health so that colleges and universities can proactively address challenges as they arise. Research pertaining to higher education financial health, particularly with respect to public higher education, was found to be limited. This project, first explored the research and methods in use to measure higher education financial health. Then, utilizing the Composite Financial Index (CFI), the most widely adopted metric for measuring financial health identified during the literature review, addressed a research gap related to financial analysis in public higher education through conducting a quantitative analysis of the California State University (CSU) system. The CSU, the largest four-year public higher education system in the country, serves as an important litmus test for the higher education industry as a whole given its sheer magnitude in educating over 480,000 students each year and producing one out of every ten workers in California. In addition, leading indicators signal that California public higher education should be exceeding industry performance given that California is the 5th largest economy in the world during a lengthy period of economic growth, is one of only four states to invest more in higher education in 2018 than it did in 2008, and has the 7th highest tuition rate increases over the same time period. The quantitative analysis of the CSU consisted of a four-pronged approach: 1) Analyze system financial health over a 20 year period; 2) analyze campus financial health over a five-year period; 3) analyze the CSU’s CFI over a 20 year period in comparison to key variables - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate trends, CSU state funding changes, and CSU tuition rate changes; and 4) analyze campus CFIs with campus enrollment size. Overall, results indicate significant underlying financial concerns for the CSU and disaggregating the results by campus indicate even greater financial concerns at a campus level, reinforcing the notion that smaller campuses experience disparate financial impacts and are more susceptible to closure if left unaddressed. In addition, this research establishes correlations with key variables analyzed and outlines recommendations for future research to further validate findings and more closely identify causality. These findings reinforce the need for colleges and universities to develop a sense of urgency to proactively address the changes and challenges that are occurring, with greater use of strategic financial analysis needed to achieve transformation.