Thesis (doctoral)--Univrsität Tübingen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexander-Universität zu Erlangen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Rostock. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [v]-vii).

This thesis is about the fine, an everyday transaction of an involuntary nature, resulting from the finding or deeming of guilt by a criminal court. Existing literature and official statistics are reported to describe the use of the fine in Canada and abroad with particular emphasis on the situation in the Province of British Columbia. The fine is found to be a common disposition for property and motoring offences and even for crimes of violence against persons in most of the countries reviewed with the notable exception of the United States which utilizes the fine for motoring offences but for little else. Based on the available evidence, the fine appears to be steadily increasing in use in Western European countries and in England but this is not strictly the case in British Columbia. The overall proportion of offenders receiving fines decreased recently in B.C. due it seems to the imposition of short term jail sentences rather than the fine for provincial statute offences. This is believed to result from "get tough", law enforcement policies directed at the more serious motoring offenders. Recent data on the use of the fine in the remaining provinces of Canada are not available. The fine is examined also in terms of its efficiency and effectiveness as a sanction and the extent to which it demonstrates both economy, as a social control technique, and notions of social justice and humaneness. Payment of the fine with little or no enforcement is the norm, due in large part to the practice of fining "good risks", i.e., casual offenders likely able to afford the fine. For the same reason, the recidivism rate of fined offenders is lower than that for offenders placed on probation or imprisoned. The most pressing problem associated with the fine is the utilization of imprisonment for offenders who default in payment. This practice is not only costly but raises the issue of the social justice of the fine since those imprisoned are more likely to have no means of paying their penalty. For this reason, the day-fine system which calculates the size of the fine according to both the seriousness of the offence and the offender's ability to pay is considered as a scheme which upholds notions of fairness and justice. The fine exercises the least surveillance and consequently control over the behaviour, and indirectly the attitudes, of offenders. As a result it is one of the least expensive sanctions to administer, particularly when the practice of imprisoning defaulters is curtailed. The fine and its administration by the justice system is considered also within the context of the structural mechanisms, functions, and finances of the state. The fine affords a concrete example of the dynamics of the state as it attempts to balance its major, albeit often contradictory, functions of accumulation, legitimation, and coercion. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is a study of monetary sanctions, in particular the fine, set in the broader context of the relationship between punishment, money and legal order. The purpose is to analyse the way in which money enters into penal relations. The thesis is divided into two main parts, the first of which begins by identifying a paradox in the structure of contemporary, sociological explanations of punishment. This paradox may be rendered thus; why is the fine much used but little studied? Why do contemporary sociological accounts endeavour to explain the penal system with little or no reference to the most commonly used of all penal sanctions, the fine? A number of factors accounting for this paradox are suggested, but most important of all, it is argued, the paradox reflects a broader, cultural estrangement of punishment from money. By this is meant that money is unable to fulfil our cultural expectations of what punishment ought really to be like. The nature of this process of estrangement is explored via an analysis of why, in serious crimes like rape, fines are seen as inappropriate sanctions. It is argued that this process of estrangement captures both an historical process and a contemporary reality. Historically, money was once used to deal with the full range of crimes and offences. However, for reasons which are explained, this relationship has been shattered. In the modern penal system, punishment and money are estranged. The phenomenon of estrangement is clearest only at a certain level of the penal system - that level at which grand claims for its legitimacy are debated and discussed. Beneath this, the system relies on the fine in an increasing number of crimes and offences. The second part of the thesis uses concrete, empirical data, gathered by a variety of methods, to explore the place of the fine in the contemporary Scottish criminal justice system. The explanation is carried out in the light of the more general themes developed in the first part of the thesis. By analysing official data, it is shown that fines are now used in fairly serious crimes, particularly the property ones. The thesis then turns to an examination of how a group of sentencers, sheriffs, use the fine. This analysis is conducted by using data collected by the interview method. The thesis concludes by considering the significance of its findings for the contemporary sociology of punishment and for our understanding of modern penal practice.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Breslau.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Marburg.

Würzburg, Rechts- u. staatswiss. Diss. v. 5. Juli 1913, Ref. Oetker. / Auch als: Strafrechtl. Abhandlungen. H. 168.

This study focused on the effect of fines (minus 75 microns) content and type (plasticity) on the strength of granular base materials. Four different sources of crushed rock Granular A materials were selected by the MTO for testing. Routine laboratory tests were carried out on the four Granular A materials including sieve analysis, standard Proctor compaction, Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio, resilient modulus and permeability tests. Fines from an additional source, to be plastic, were selected and used as substitute fines for the Granular A natural fines but were found to have a similar index of plasticity (PI). The influence of fines content on CBR varied for each Granular A source as some increased with increasing fines content and others decreased as the fines content increased. With the similarities in the PI of the two fines no clear trend in CBR values between samples with natural and substitute fines was observed. The resilient modulus (MR) values were by and large similar when the natural fines were replaced with substitute fines. The MR decreased as the fines content increased when the water content was below 5 percent but at 7 percent water content some of the tests failed (could not be tested) at higher confining pressures. Energy dissipation was calculated from the resilient modulus tests and it was observed that the energy dissipation decreased as the confining pressure increased, with lower dissipated energies corresponding to higher MR values. Given that definitive trends could not be identified with respect to the influence of fines and plasticity, the influence of the percent paste (sum of moisture and fines content at the time of compaction) was examined. As the paste increased the resilient modulus decreased and the damping ratio increased. Results from permeability tests showed that for specimens with no fines present the permeability was much higher than those with fines. There was no significant change observed in permeability for specimens in which natural fines were replaced by substitute fines or as the hydraulic gradient was varied. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)