Abstract In this thesis, we have studied the post-weld-shift (PWS) in laser welding technique for laser module packaging. The joining method for packaging of laser module by laser welding technique can offer a number of significant advantages. It provides strong joint strength, therefore, the packaging has good long-term stability. It also provides high-speed and high-volume production, and hence the packaging is potential low cost. However, the laser welding process has caused PWS of laser module, would decay the coupling efficiency of laser module. We investigate the weld-spot by using metallographic method. The PWS in stainless steel (SS304L) plate is studied experimentally and numerically. The metallographic results are in good agreement with the Finite-Element-Method (FEM) results that the PWS in x-y plane can be neglected. Based on the experimentally and numerically results of PWS in SS304L, we investigate the yield improvement of laser module packaging. The laser hammer technique was used to improve the coupling efficiency of laser module. The results show displacement of the z-axis is from 1 to 9 (£gm) that equals to the angle changes of upper parts of laser module from 0.38¡Ñ10-2 to 3.4¡Ñ10-2 (degree). Therefore, the coupling efficiency of laser module can be improved from 4 to 20 (%).

The main objectives of the present thesis were to define the dimension of head injuries in Sweden over a longer period and to present a Finite Element (FE) model of the human head which can be used for preventive strategies in the future. The annual incidence of head injuries in Sweden between 1987 and 2000 was defined at over 22 000, cases most of which were mild head injuries. In contrast to traffic accidents, head injuriy due to fall was the most important etiology. Of special interest was that the number of hematoma cases has increased. A detailed and parameterized FE model of the human head was developed and used to evaluate the effects of head size, brain size and impact directions. The maximal effective stresses in the brain increased more than a fourfold, from 3.6 kPa for the smallest head size to 16.3 kPa for the largest head size using the same acceleration impulse. The size dependence of the intracranial stresses associated with injury is not predicted by the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). Simulations with various brain sizes indicated that the increased risk of Subdural Hematoma (SDH) in elderly people may to a part be explained by the reduced brain size resulting in a larger relative motion between the skull and the brain with distension of bridging veins. The consequences of this increased relative motion due to brain atrophy cannot be predicted by existing injury criteria. From studies of the influence of impact directions to the human head, the highest shear strain in the brain stem is found for a Superior-Inferior (SI) translational impulse, and in the corpus callosum for a lateral rotational impulse when imposing acceleration pulses corresponding to the same impact power. It was concluded that HIC is unable to predict consequences of a pure rotational impulse, while the Head Impact Power (HIP) criterion needs individual scaling coefficients for the different terms to account for differences in intracranial response due to a variation in load direction. It is also suggested that a further evaluation of synergic effects of the directional terms of the HIP is necessary to include combined terms and to improve the injuryprediction. Comparison of the model with experiments on localized motion of the brain shows that the magnitude and characteristics of the deformation are highly sensitive to the shear properties of the brain tissue. The results suggest that significantly lower values of these properties of the human brain than utilized in most 3D FE models today must be used to be able to predict the localised brain response of an impact to the human head. There is a symmetry in the motion of the superior and inferior markers for both the model and the experiments following a sagittal and a coronal impact. This can possibly be explained by the nearly incompressible properties of brain tissue. Larger relative motion between the skull and the brain is more apparent for an occipital impact than for a frontal one in both experiments and FE model. This correlates with clinical findings. Moreover, smaller relative motion between the skull and the brain is more apparent for a lateral impact than for a frontal one for both experiments and FE model. This is thought to be due to the supporting structure of the falx cerebri. Such a parametrized and detailed 3D model of the human head has not, to the best knowledge of the author, previously been developed. This 3D model is thought to be of significant value for looking into the effects of geometrical variations of the human head. / QC 20100428

The construction equipment industry is developing at a fast pace, increasing the expectation on the next-generation machines. Wheel loaders and backhoe loaders are part of this evolution and all subsystems in those machines need to be developed to meet the high demands in energy eciency and productivity. One of the most important parts of the wheel loader is the loading unit. This is traditionally designed using highly experienced engineers and CAD software. To simplify the early stages of this process was an optimization tool developed to generate a design outlay. The optimization will minimize the mass of the linkage since unnecessary weight will lower the eciency. The minimum can be found by moving the joints and adjusting the shape of the device. The optimization will also include constraints to assure the correct performance of the linkage. Since there are a high number of design variables, a gradient-based optimization method was used. A finite element solver was also implemented to calculate the forces and stresses in the linkage. The linkages studied in this report are one from a typical wheel loader and one from a backhoe loader. Since these machines are extremely versatile, and used formany diferent tasks, two sets of constraints are compiled. One of the constraint sets yields a linkage suitable for machines only equipped with bucket, while the other results in an all-round linkage suitable for most tools and applications. The optimized linkages are compared to existing devices. The results show that there are some improvements possible and that the software could be used to help designers. However, the optimization problem is hard to solve due to non-smooth constraints functions and numerical instabilities. This issue could be overcome by diferent means, like using automatic diferentiation, a non-gradient based optimization method, decreasing the number of constraints or decreasing the number of design variables. / Utvecklingen av anlaggningsmaskiner sker i snabb takt och detta ökar förväntningarna på framtidens maskiner. En stor andel av alla anläggningsmaskiner är hjullastare och traktorgrävare och alla delsystem på dessa maskiner måste följa med i utvecklingen. En av de viktigaste delarna pa en hjullastare ar lastaggregatet. Det designas traditionellt med hjälp av CAD mjukvara och mycket erfarna konstruktörer. För att underlätta denna process har en optimeringsrutin utvecklats, som generarar ett designförslag. Optimeringen minskar länkagets massa genom att fytta lagringspositioner och ändra delarnas dimensioner. Detta ökar efektiviteten hos maskinen eftersom den slipper köra runt på onödig vikt. Optimeringen innehåller även villkor för att säkerställa god prestanda hos det optimerade aggregatet. Eftersom det ingår väldigt många designvariabler i optimeringen används en gradientbaserad metod. En finita element approximation används for att beräkna krafter och spänningar i länkaget. De länkage som undersöks i detta projekt är ett typsikt hjullastaraggregat och ett typiskt traktorgrävaraggregat. Eftersom dessa maskiner ar väldigt mångsidiga sammanställdes två olika uppsättningar av villkor. Den ena uppsättningen används för att optimera ett aggregat som endast ska användas med skopa, medan den andra uppsättningen används för att ta fram ett mer mångsidigt aggregat avsätt for att kunna klara av de flesta situationer och verktyg. De optimerade lastaggregaten är jämförda med produktionsaggregat och det visar sig att vissa förbättringar är möjliga. Slutsattsen är att optimeringsrutinen kan bli ett bra hjälpmedel for konstruktörer men att den behöver lite mer veriering. Villkorsfunktionen som optimeringen måste lösa är inte helt slät vilket är ett problem för en gradientbaserade metod och dessutom finns vissa numeriska instabiliteter. Dessa svårigheter kan undkommas pa olika sätt, t.ex. genom att använda automatisk derivering,byta optimeringsalgoritm, minska antalet villkor eller minska antalet variabler.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone mass and reduced bone quality. This deterioration manifests itself in osteoporotic fractures at skeletal sites containing large proportions of cancellous bone (ie. forearm, hip, spine). Given the costs associated with these fractures, improvements in our ability to model and predict the behaviour of cancellous bone would be of great financial and social benefit to society. This thesis makes contributions in three areas within the much larger goal of developing a comprehensive model for describing the mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. Since the accuracy of model predictions can only be as good as the test data against which it is compared, the effect of experimental artifacts introduced by specimen geometry is examined for cored samples. The apparent elastic modulus of cancellous bone is found to be relatively insensitive to specimen (or gauge) length, such that it can be reduced below the recommended 2:1 aspect ratio without introducing detectable artifact. Conversely, apparent modulus is found to be much more sensitive to specimen diameter. The role of water is also examined. Dehydration at room temperature was found to increase the apparent elastic modulus by roughly 14%. This net increase results from the competing effects of an increased tissue modulus and a decreased bone volume fraction due to shrinkage. Finally, preliminary work is presented which attempts to relate micro-CT voxel intensity and locally measured nanoindentation moduli, in order to provide an experimental basis for assigning heterogeneous material properties to finite element method (FEM) models. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-24 14:28:17.772

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The Swedish model for final disposal of nuclear fuel waste is based on copper canisters as a corrosion barrier with an inner pressure holding insert of cast iron. One of the methods to seal the copper canister is to use the Friction Stir Welding (FSW), a method invented by The Welding Institute (TWI). This work has been focused on characterisation of the FSW joints, and modelling of the process, both analytically and numerically. The first simulations were based on Rosenthal’s analytical medium plate model. The model is simple to use, but has limitations. Finite element models were developed, initially with a two-dimensional geometry. Due to the requirements of describing both the heat flow and the tool movement, three-dimensional models were developed. These models take into account heat transfer, material flow, and continuum mechanics. The geometries of the models are based on the simulation experiments carried out at TWI and at Swedish Nuclear Fuel Waste and Management Co (SKB). Temperature distribution, material flow and their effects on the thermal expansion were predicted for a full-scale canister and lid. The steady state solutions have been compared with temperature measurements, showing good agreement. Microstructure and hardness profiles have been investigated by optical microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Rockwell hardness measurements. EBSD visualisation has been used to determine the grain size distribution and the appearance of twins and misorientation within grains. The orientation maps show a fine uniform equiaxed grain structure. The root of the weld exhibits the smallest grains and many annealing twins. This may be due to deformation after recrystallisation. The appearance of the nugget and the grain size depends on the position of the weld. A large difference can be seen both in hardness and grain size between the start of the weld and when the steady state is reached. / QC 20101207

Modeling and design of high frequency electronic systems such as antennas and microwave devices require the rigorous numerical solution of Maxwell’s equa- tions. The frequency-domain (time-harmonic) tangential vector finite element method (TVFEM) for Maxwell equations results in a second-order dynamical electromagnetic model that must be repeatedly solved for multiple frequencies, excitation or material parameters each design loop. This leads to extremely long design turnaround that often is not optimal. This work will propose an accurate, error controllable and ef- ficient multi-parametric model order reduction scheme that significantly accelerate these parameters sweep. At the core of this work is the proper orthogonal decompo- sition (POD) sampling technique and balanced truncation (BT) algorithm that are used to reduce multi-parameter spaces that include frequency, material parameters and infinite array scan angles. The proposed methodology employs a novel computa- tional scheme based on adaptive POD sampling and the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the low-rank Hankel matrix. Numerical examples confirm the significant time savings and good accuracy of the method for a diverse set of high-frequency electromagnetic systems.

Finite element method simulation models for thin-film semiconductor-based Hall sensors were developed using secondary data in order to understand their behavior under strong magnetic fields. Given a device geometry and charge carrier density and mobility, the models accurately calculated sensor resistance, Hall voltage under a normally-incident constant magnetic field, and expected offset from a population of Hall devices. The model was successfully matched against data from integrated chip Hall sensors from St. Jude Medical. Additionally, the feasibility of creating Hall effect devices with common carbon ink was explored experimentally. The material properties obtained from testing these ink-based devices through the Van der Pauw method were added to the simulation model to analyze validity of the collected data.