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Fuel load characterisation and quantification for the development of fuel models for Pinus patula in South AfricaRoss, Timothy Ian 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScBosb)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The characteristics and total fuel load of the forest floor (FF) and harvest residue (HR) are
needed to develop tools that can be used for fuel load management, fire risk analysis and
fire behaviour prediction for P. patula grown in the summer rainfall area of South Africa (SA).
Forest floor depth, mass and ash-free mass were measured and there was generally a
greater range in depth under sawtimber (ST) stands than under pulpwood (PLP) stands.
Forest floor loads, prior to ashing, ranged from 21 - 168 t ha-1 and 27 - 72 t ha-1, for ST and
PLP stands, respectively and loads increased linearly with stand age. Sawtimber and PLP
stands were analysed together, which resulted in a significant correlation between depth and
mass (r2 = 0.78, n = 31). A loss on ignition procedure carried out on sub-samples of the FF
improved the relationship between the FF depth and the ash-free mass for the different
stands, and provided a more accurate model for the prediction of mass from depth. A
multiple regression analysis revealed that age, altitude and mean annual precipitation (MAP)
provided the best subset and accounted for 72% of the variation in the FF mass observed.
The effect of increasing FF load and increasing moisture content on the fireline intensity
(FLI) was examined using the fire behaviour prediction programme, BehavePlus.
Harvest residue was quantified and characterised in terms of fuel size classes, under current
silvicultural regimes for ST and PLP, for the development of fuel models for this species over
its planted range in SA. An investigation into the proportion (by mass) of the 1- (0.0 - 0.6
cm), 10- (0.6 – 2.5 cm), 100- (2.5 – 7.6 cm) and 1000-hr (> 7.6 cm diameter) fuel classes of
the total HR mass indicated that there was a significant difference between the mass of the
1-, 10- and 1000-hr fuel classes of the two silvicultural regimes, and no significant difference
for the 100-hr fuel class. Two fuel models for P. patula HR and two models for standing
timber were developed using the new model (NEWMDL) programme of BEHAVE and tested
in BehavePlus.
Nutrient concentrations were used with FF layer and HR size class load data to estimate the
quantities of nutrients held in the fuel and to describe nutrient distributions in the fuel
complex. Significant differences in the nutrient concentration of the FF layers and fuel
components were observed which has important implications for fuel management. The
concentration of N determined in this study, relative to that determined in other similar
studies on P. patula was low. Forest floor loads were predicted and nutrient pools calculated
for typical ST and PLP stands at both low and high altitude to provide insight into the nutrient
distributions within the fuel complex. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die karaktereienskappe en totale brandstoflading van die bosvloer (FF) en kaalkap oorskot
(HR) word benodig om instrumente te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word vir brandstoflading
bestuur, brandgevaar ontleding en brandgedrag voorspelling vir P. patula, wat in die somer
reënvalgebied van Suid-Afrika groei. Die bosvloer diepte, massa en asvrye massa is gemeet
en daar was oor die algemeen ‘n groter variasie in diepte onder saaghout (ST) opstande as
onder pulphout (PLP) opstande. Die bosvloerladings, voor verassing, het varieer van 21 –
168 t ha-1 en 27 – 72 t ha-1 vir ST en PLP opstande respektiwelik. Ladings het linieêr
vermeerder met opstand ouderdom. Saaghout en PLP opstande is saam geanaliseer en het
tot ‘n betekenisvolle korrelasie gelei tussen diepte en massa (r2 = 0.78, n = 31). ‘n Verliestydens-
ontbranding prosedure is uitgevoer op die FF monsters en het die verhouding tussen
FF diepte en die asvrye massa van die verskillende opstande verbeter. Dit het ook gelei tot
akkurater model vir die voorspelling van massa vanaf diepte. ‘n Veelvoudige regressie
analise het aan die lig gebring dat ouderdom, hoogte en gemiddelde jaarlikse reënval (MAP)
die beste sub-groep verskaf, en het 72% van die variasie in die FF massa verklaar.
Ondersoek is ingestel op die effek van toenemende FF lading en toenemende voginhoud op
die brandlyn intensiteit (FLI) deur die brandgedrag program, BehavePlus, toe te pas.
Die kaalkap oorskot is gekwantifiseer en gekarakteriseer volgens brandstof grootteklasse,
onder die huidige boskultuurstelsels vir ST en PLP, vir die ontwikkeling van
brandstofmodelle vir hierdie spesie oor die betrokke groeistreek in SA. ‘n Ondersoek in die
verhouding (volgens massa) van die 1- (0.0 – 0.6 cm), 10- (0.6 – 2.5 cm), 100- (2.5 – 7.6
cm) en 1000-uur (> 7.6 cm deursnee) brandstofklasse van die totale HR massa het
aangedui dat daar ‘n betekenisvolle verskil is tussen die massas van die 1-, 10- en 1000-uur
brandstofklasse van die twee boskultuurstelsels, en geen betekenisvolle verskil vir die 100-
uur brandstofklas nie. Twee brandstofmodelle is ontwikkel vir P. patula HR en twee modelle
vir staande hout deur gebruik te maak van die nuwe model (NEWMDL) program van
BEHAVE en getoets in BehavePlus.
Voedingstof konsentrasies is gebruik, tesame met die FF laag en HR klasgrootte ladingdata,
om die voedingstof inhoud van die brandstof te skat en om die voedingstof verspreiding te
beskryf in die brandstofkompleks. Betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem in die voedingstof
konsentrasies van die FF lae en brandstof komponente wat belangrike implikasies inhou vir
brandstofbestuur. Die konsentrasie wat vir N in hierdie studie bepaal is, was laag relatief tot
ander soortgelyke studies vir P. patula. Die bosvloer ladings is voorspel en voedingstofpoele
bereken vir tipiese ST en PLP opstande vir beide lae en hoë hoogtes om insig te verkry,
sodat insig verkry kon word in die voedingstof verspreidings binne die brandstofkompleks.
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Mapping the potential of veld fire occurrence in the mountain regions of the South Western Cape, using GISAkinnusi, Olamigoke Adekunle 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Veld fires in the mountain regions of the South Western Cape are an annual occurrence.
These veld fires occur as a result of human, natural and unknown causes. The
Mediteranean weather conditions of the South Western Cape and its typical vegetation are
conducive to these fires. Within the mountain regions of the South Western Cape, the use
of fire can be advantageous for conservation and forest managers as a tool for fire
management e.g. preparation of fire belts, reduction of veld fire occurrence by burning
fuel load, rejuvenation of indigenous vegetation and enhancing the water yield of
surrounding areas within their management area. Abnormally high incidences and run
away veld fires within the management area of conservation and forest managers leads to.
the loss of biodiversity, destruction of properties and loss of human lives, and extensive
soil erosion. This study aimed at identifying factors contributing towards the occurrence
of veld fires in the mountain regions of the South Western Cape, and using GIS to analyse
spatially the contributing variables, and to generate seasonal veld fire hazard maps.
Potential veld fire occurrence on a seasonal basis was mapped using spatial analyses of
variables that are significant to the distribution of veld fires within the study area.
Variables used to assess potential veld fire occurrences were: vegetation, slope,
population density (human influence), proximity to roads, mean monthly maximum
temperatures and mean monthly rainfall. The veld fire hazard maps generated indicated
that potential for veld fire occurrence is high in the summer and autumn months,
decreasing to a low in the winter and spring seasons. The exception is the Southern Cape
sub-region where the possibility of veld fires can be quite high in winter as a result of
Fohn-like berg winds. These winds are characterized by sudden increases in temperature
and decreases in humidity that may pose severe fire hazards.
Reducing and containing veld fires in the mountain regions of the South Western Cape
depends on the effective use of the seasonal veld fire hazard maps. The maps can be used
to delineate critical zones of veld fire occurrence which can be used for evaluating costeffective
control measures and can be implemented to reduce the level of veld fire danger
within the management areas of conservation and forest managers. There is a need for a
Catchment Management System (CMS) (Richardson, Van Wilgen, Le Maitre, Higgins &
Forsyth, 1994) that can be used to generate daily probabilities of veld fire occurrence and
to link these to fire-spread models for predicting or simulating expected fire directions and
severities or intensities, and educating people about fires and the damage it can do. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elke jaar kom daar veldbrande in die berggebiede van die Suidwes-Kaap voor. Die
oorsake van hierdie veldbrande is van menslike, natuurlike of onbekende oorsprong. Die
Mediterreense weersomstandighede en die tipiese plantegroei van die Suidwes-Kaap is
ook bevorderlik vir die ontstaan van veldbrande. In die berggebiede van hierdie streek kan
die gebruik van vuur egter ook tot voordeel van natuurbewaring en bosbou aangewend
word deurdat dit gebruik kan word as 'n metode om die brande te bestuur, soos in die
voorbereiding van brandpaaie, in die vermindering van die voorkoms van veldbrande deur
vooraf van die brandbare materiale af te brand, in die vernuwing van die inheemse
plantegroei en in die verhoging van wateropbrengs in die omliggende gebiede binne die
area wat bestuur moet word. 'n Abnormale hoë voorkoms van veldbrande binne die
bestuursgebied van bewarings- en bosboubestuurders lei egter tot 'n verlies aan
biodiversiteit, die vernietiging van eiendom, 'n verlies aan menselewens en uitgebreide
gronderosie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die faktore wat bydra tot die voorkoms
van veldbrande in die berggebiede van die Suidwes-Kaap te identifiseer, om GIS te
gebruik om 'n ruimtelike analise van die bydraende veranderlikes te doen en om dan 'n
seisoenale veldbrandgevaarkaart saam te stel.
Die potensiële voorkoms van veldbrande op 'n seisoenale basis is gekarteer deur gebruik
te maak van ruimtelike analises van die veranderlikes van belang in die verspreiding van
veldbrande in die studiegebied. Die volgende veranderlikes is gebruik om die potensiële
voorkoms van veldbrande te bepaal: plantegroei, helling, bevolkingsdigtheid (invloed van
mense), afstand vanaf paaie, gemiddelde maandelikse maksimum temperature en
gemiddelde maandelikse reënval. Die veldbrandgevaarkaarte wat ontwikkel is, het
aangetoon dat die potensiële voorkoms van veldbrande hoog is in die somer- en
herfsmaande en dan afneem tot 'n laagtepunt in die winter en lente. 'n Uitsondering is die Suid-Kaap-substreek waar die moontlikheid van veldbrande selfs in die winter taamlik
hoog is as gevolg van Fëhn-tipe bergwinde.
Hierdie winde word gekenmerk deur In skielike toename in temperatuur en In afname in
humiditeit wat die brandgevaar skerp kan verhoog. Die vermoë om veldbrande in die
berggebiede van die Suidwes-Kaap te verminder en te beperk, sal grootliks afhang van die
effektiewe gebruik van die seisoenale veldbrandgevaar-kaarte. Die kaarte kan gebruik
word vir die afbakening van kritieke sones vir die voorkoms van veldbrande wat dan
gebruik kan word vir die evaluering van koste-effektiewe beheermaatreëls.
Hierdie kaarte kan dan geïmplementeer word om die vlakke van veldbrandgevaar binne
die gebiede waarvoor bewarings- en bosboubestuurders verantwoordelik is, te verminder.
Daar is In behoefte aan In opvanggebiedbestuurstelsel (OGB) (Richardson, Van Wilgen,
Le Maitre, Higgins & Forsyth 1994) wat gebruik kan word om daaglikse waarskynlikhede
vir die voorkoms van veldbrande te genereer. Dit kan gekoppel word aan
brandverspreidingsmodelle wat die verwagte rigting van brandverspreiding, asook die
ems of intensiteit daarvan, kan voorspelof simuleer. Die publiek moet ook ingelig word
oor veldbrande en die skade wat daardeur aangerig kan word.
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