Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Eyner Godinho de Andrade.pdf: 1620387 bytes, checksum: d94449ab292c6a6a393caf5983969e46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the frozen storage on the sensory, chemical, microbiological stability and functional properties of the protein of minced fish of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) catering by fish culture located near Manaus (AM), elaborated in laboratories conditions. In general, during frozen storage of minced fish occurs losses on a functionality of proteins as reduction of solubility and of water-holding capacity (WHC), as well as deterioration enzymatic and bacterial, when diverse volatile composites that can incite, among others problems are formed, the oxidative rancidity and the muscular increase of pH. To evaluate the stability of minced of matrinxã and tambaqui during its storage -20ºC had been used parameters as: values of N-BVT, pH, sensory tests and bacteriological countings. The protein solubility and the WHC had been determined to verify the possible alterations in the functionality of proteins due to the freezing. Also the chemical and nutritional characterization of minced was made fish by means of the proximal composition and amino acid profile. The income of the triturated meat was determined, after gotten the processes of decapitation, gutted and separation mechanics. The results had been low: 37.44% and 47.0% for tambaqui and matrinxã, respectively. On the basis of the text of lipids and energy value, both the fish had been classified as semi fat. Tambaqui with 2,66% of lipids and 90,98 kcal and matrinxã with 5,55% of lipids and energy of 127,67% kcal. The fish used in the experiment process high proteins text: 16.74% for tambaqui and 18.61% for matrinxã, being gifts in its composition all the essential amino acids. The protein solubility of minced fish for both the studied species presented a drastic reduction in the first month of storage and it tends to stabilize sixty days after, remaining itself it enters 0,03 and 0,04 g/dL until the end of the experiment. Throughout the one hundred and fifteen days of frozen stockage -20ºC minced fish of tambaqui and matrinxã had presented stability of the CRA that varied between 95 and 97%. The N-BVT, for both minced , presented an increase in first the thirty days, followed of a fall accented until the end of the experiment, being always below of the limit of 30 mg of N-BVT/100 g. The values of pH had shown to a rise of 6,17 the 6,39 for matrinxã and of 6,30 the 6,48 for tambaqui until the sixty days of storage -20ºC and after this period had a fall with trend to the stability. During the frozen storage of minced of matrinxã a reduction of the bacterial countings was noticed. It can have had contamination of the samples or imperfections in the freezing, not having, however, the presence of Escherichia coli. In the sensory evaluation the products of both the species had been remained in quality A throughout the experimental period. The results allow to conclude that minced fish had kept same stability for long periods of frozen storage consisting in an alternative for diversification of the production of the regional fishing industry and allowing the search for other markets, national as in such a way international. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da estocagem congelada sobre a estabilidade sensorial, química, microbiológica e propriedades funcionais da proteína dos minced fish de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e de matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) provenientes de pisciculturas localizadas próximas à Manaus (AM), elaborados em condições laboratoriais. De modo geral, durante a estocagem congelada dos minced fish ocorrem perdas na funcionalidade das proteínas como a diminuição da solubilidade protéica e da capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), bem como a deterioração enzimática e bacteriana, quando são formados diversos compostos voláteis que podem provocar, entre outros problemas, a rancidez oxidativa e o aumento do pH muscular. Para avaliar a estabilidade dos minced de matrinxã e tambaqui durante sua estocagem a -20ºC foram utilizados parâmetros como: valores de N-BVT, pH, testes sensoriais e contagens bacteriológicas. A solubilidade protéica e o CRA foram determinados para verificar as possíveis alterações na funcionalidade das proteínas devido ao congelamento. Foi também feita a caracterização química e nutricional dos minced fish por meio da composição centesimal e perfil de aminoácidos. Foi determinado o rendimento da carne triturada, obtida após os processos de decaptação, evisceração e separação mecânica. Os resultados foram baixos: 37,44% e 47,0% para o tambaqui e a matrinxã, respectivamente. Com base no teor de lipídios e valor energético, ambos os peixes foram classificados como semigordos. O tambaqui com 2,66% de lipídios e 90,98 kcal/100g e a matrinxã com 5,55% de lipídios e energia de 127,67 kcal/100g. Os peixes utilizados no experimento possuíam alto teor protéico: 16,74% para o tambaqui e 18,61% para a matrinxã, estando presentes em sua composição todos os aminoácidos essenciais. A solubilidade protéica dos minced fish para ambas as espécies estudadas apresentou uma diminuição drástica no primeiro mês de armazenagem e tendeu a estabilizar-se após sessenta dias, mantendo-se entre 0,03 e 0,04 g/dL até o final do experimento. Ao longo dos cento e quinze dias de estocagem congelada a -20ºC os minced fish de tambaqui e matrinxã apresentaram estabilidade do CRA que variou entre 95 e 97%. O N-BVT, para ambos os minced , apresentou um aumento nos primeiros trinta dias, seguido de uma queda acentuada até o final do experimento, ficando sempre abaixo do limite de 30 mg de N-BVT/100 g. Os valores de pH mostraram uma elevação de 6,17 a 6,39 para a matrinxã e de 6,30 a 6,48 para o tambaqui até os sessenta dias de estocagem a -20ºC e após esse período houve uma queda com tendência à estabilidade. Durante a estocagem congelada do minced de matrinxã notou-se uma redução das contagens bacterianas. Pode ter havido contaminação das amostras ou falhas no congelamento, não havendo, contudo, a presença de Escherichia coli. Na avaliação sensorial os produtos de ambas as espécies mantiveram-se em qualidade A ao longo do período experimental. Os resultados permitem concluir que os minced fish mantiveram estabilidade mesmo por longos períodos de estocagem sob congelamento constituindo-se em uma alternativa para diversificação da produção da indústria pesqueira regional e permitindo a busca por outros mercados, tanto nacional como internacional.

Three New Zealand marine species, hoki (Macruronus novaezealandiae), kahawai (Arripis trutta) and trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) were used to develop model fermented fish sausage. The formulation comprised fish mince, carbohydrate, minced garlic and salt in a mass ratio of 1 (fish): 0.15: 0.05: 0.03, respectively. The carbohydrate source was cooked rice or glucose. (Endogenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) failed to ferment rice). Folate was also added to the mixture as a factor. The mixtures were extruded into 50 mL plastic syringes, where the needle end of the barrel had been excised by lathe. The lubricated barrel was overfilled to 60 mL, capped with a layer of ParafilmTM and aluminium foil, sealed tightly by rubber band and incubated at 30°C. Over time the piston was progressively advanced to yield samples for microbiological, physical, and chemical analysis. Over 96 hours an increase in the LAB count was observed with a concomitant decrease in pH. After fermentation was complete, the samples contained around 8.77 log cfu LAB g-1 with the pH range from 4.38 to 5.08. The microbiological and pH behaviour of each species varied between preparations. Hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness of the treatments increased with fermentation, except for hoki. The treatments showed different colour characteristics with fermentation. The light reflectance (L* values) of the trevally and kahawai treatments increased, while the a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values decreased. Hoki exhibited smaller colour changes except for yellowness, which increased markedly. Proteolysis, measured colorimetrically by soluble peptide bonds, was greatest for trevally. Lipid oxidation, measured by the thiobarbituric acid method, was least for hoki, notably the species with the lowest fat content. Biogenic amines, which are a general quality indicator of fermented products, increased during fermentation. The trevally treatment generated the highest concentration of amines, but these values were lower than those reported for fermented fish sausage in Southeast Asia. Notably there were no important difference between folate treatments and those without folate. The results point to commercial opportunities and further research with New Zealand marine species, especially trevally. To improve the product quality and to show geographical exclusivity, further research could be done by using starter culture, and a New Zealand staple carbohydrate source such as kumara and potato, and spices and herbs which are commonly used in New Zealand, such as rosemary, thyme and sage or specific to New Zealand, such as horopito. In addition, sensory studies should also be performed before the products could be tested in the market.

Three New Zealand marine species, hoki (Macruronus novaezealandiae), kahawai (Arripis trutta) and trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) were used to develop model fermented fish sausage. The formulation comprised fish mince, carbohydrate, minced garlic and salt in a mass ratio of 1 (fish): 0.15: 0.05: 0.03, respectively. The carbohydrate source was cooked rice or glucose. (Endogenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) failed to ferment rice). Folate was also added to the mixture as a factor. The mixtures were extruded into 50 mL plastic syringes, where the needle end of the barrel had been excised by lathe. The lubricated barrel was overfilled to 60 mL, capped with a layer of ParafilmTM and aluminium foil, sealed tightly by rubber band and incubated at 30°C. Over time the piston was progressively advanced to yield samples for microbiological, physical, and chemical analysis. Over 96 hours an increase in the LAB count was observed with a concomitant decrease in pH. After fermentation was complete, the samples contained around 8.77 log cfu LAB g-1 with the pH range from 4.38 to 5.08. The microbiological and pH behaviour of each species varied between preparations. Hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness of the treatments increased with fermentation, except for hoki. The treatments showed different colour characteristics with fermentation. The light reflectance (L* values) of the trevally and kahawai treatments increased, while the a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values decreased. Hoki exhibited smaller colour changes except for yellowness, which increased markedly. Proteolysis, measured colorimetrically by soluble peptide bonds, was greatest for trevally. Lipid oxidation, measured by the thiobarbituric acid method, was least for hoki, notably the species with the lowest fat content. Biogenic amines, which are a general quality indicator of fermented products, increased during fermentation. The trevally treatment generated the highest concentration of amines, but these values were lower than those reported for fermented fish sausage in Southeast Asia. Notably there were no important difference between folate treatments and those without folate. The results point to commercial opportunities and further research with New Zealand marine species, especially trevally. To improve the product quality and to show geographical exclusivity, further research could be done by using starter culture, and a New Zealand staple carbohydrate source such as kumara and potato, and spices and herbs which are commonly used in New Zealand, such as rosemary, thyme and sage or specific to New Zealand, such as horopito. In addition, sensory studies should also be performed before the products could be tested in the market.