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Convers?o catal?tica de clorometano em hidrocarbonetosRojas, Leopoldo Oswaldo Alcazar 02 March 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Amorphous silica-alumina and modified by incipient impregnation of iron, nickel, zinc
and chromium were synthetized in oxide and metal state and evaluated as catalysts for the
chloromethane conversion reaction. With known techniques their textural properties were
determined and dynamics techniques in programmed temperature were used to find the acid
properties of the materials. A thermodynamic model was used to determine the adsorption and
desorption capacity of chloromethane. Two types of reactions were studied. Firstly the
chloromethane was catalytically converted to hydrocarbons (T = 300 450 oC e m = 300 mg)
in a fixed bed reactor with controlled pressure and flow. Secondly the deactivation of the
unmodified support was studied (at 300 ?C and m=250 g) in a micro-adsorver provided of
gravimetric monitoring. The metal content (2,5%) and the chloromethane percent of the
reagent mixture (10% chloromethane in nitrogen) were fixed for all the tests. From the results
the chloromethane conversion and selectivity of the gaseous products (H2, CH4, C3 and C4)
were determined as well as the energy of desorption (75,2 KJ/mol for Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 to 684
KJ/mol for the Zn/Al2O3-SiO2 catalyst) considering the desorption rate as a temperature
function. The presence of a metal on the support showed to have an important significance in
the chloromethane condensation. The oxide class catalyst presented a better performance
toward the production of hydrocarbons. Especial mention to the ZnO/Al2O3-SiO2 that, in a gas
phase basis, produced C3 83 % max. and C4 63% max., respectively, in the temperature of 450
oC and 20 hours on stream. Hydrogen was produced exclusively in the FeO/Al2O3-SiO2
catalysts (15 % max., T = 550 oC and 5,6 h on stream) and Ni/SiO2-Al2O3 (75 % max., T =
400 oC and 21,6 h on stream). All the catalysts produced methane (10 ? 92 %), except for
Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 and CrO/Al2O3-SiO2. In the deactivation study two models were proposed:
The parallel model, where the product production competes with coke formation; and the
sequential model, where the coke formation competes with the product desorption dessorption
step. With the mass balance equations and the mechanism proposed six parameters were
determined. Two kinetic parameters: the hydrocarbon formation constant, 8,46 10-4 min-1, the
coke formation, 1,46 10-1 min-1; three thermodynamic constants (the global, 0,003, the
chloromethane adsorption 0,417 bar-1, the hydrocarbon adsorption 2,266 bar-1), and the
activity exponent of the coke formation (1,516). The model was reasonable well fitted and
presented a satisfactory behavior in relation with the proposed mechanism / S?lica alumina amorfa e modificada por impregna??o incipiente de precursores de
ferro, n?quel, zinco e cromo foram sintetizados na forma de ?xido e reduzidos, tendo sido
posteriormente avaliados como catalisadores na convers?o de clorometano em
hidrocarbonetos. Propriedades texturais e t?cnicas din?micas em temperatura programada
foram usadas para a determina??o das propriedades ?cidas dos materiais. Um modelo
termodin?mico para representar a capacidade de adsor??o e dessor??o de clorometano foi
avaliado. Dois tipos de rea??es foram abordados. No primeiro, o clorometano foi convertido
cataliticamente a hidrocarbonetos (T = 300 450 oC e m = 300 mg) em um reator de leito fixo
catal?tico com controle de fluxo, press?o e vaz?o m?ssica e, no segundo, com o suporte puro
(T = 300 oC e m = 250 mg) foi estudado a rea??o de desativa??o do catalisador pelo coque em
um micro adsorvedor com monitoramento gravim?trico. O teor de metal no suporte (2,5 %)
e o percentual de clorometano na mistura (10 %) foram mantidos constantes durante os
experimentos. Com os resultados obtidos foram avaliadas a convers?o e a seletividade dos
produtos gasosos, ou seja, H2, CH4, C3 e C4 bem como a energia da etapa de dessor??o (75,2
KJ/mol para o Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 e 684 KJ/mol para o catalisador Zn/Al2O3-SiO2), considerando
a taxa de adsor??o do g?s em fun??o da temperatura. A presen?a do metal no suporte mostrou
uma import?ncia significativa em termos de atividade na rea??o de condensa??o do
clorometano. Os catalisadores na forma de ?xido apresentaram melhor desempenho para
obten??o de hidrocarbonetos. ? poss?vel destacar o ZnO/Al2O3-SiO2 que , em termos de
constituinte gasoso, produziu apenas C3 (M?x. de 83 %) e C4 (M?x. de 63%),
respectivamente, na temperatura de 450 oC e 20 horas de rea??o,. O g?s hidrog?nio foi
formado exclusivamente com os catalisadores FeO/Al2O3-SiO2 (M?x. de 15 %, T = 550 oC e
tempo de rea??o de 5,6 h) e Ni/SiO2-Al2O3 (M?x. 75 %, T = 400 oC e tempo de rea??o de 21,6
h). Todos os catalisadores produziram o g?s metano (10 ? 92 %), salvo os do tipo Ni/Al2O3-
SiO2 e CrO/Al2O3-SiO2. No estudo com o suporte puro foram propostos dois modelos de
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desativa??o, do tipo paralelo, onde a forma??o do produto compete com a forma??o de coque
e o sequencial, onde a etapa de dessor??o ? a competidora. Com as equa??es do balan?o de
massa baseadas no mecanismo proposto foram determinados duas constantes cin?ticas (a
primeira de valor 8,01?10-4 min-1, relacionada ? etapa da forma??o de hidrocarbonetos e a
segunda, 1,46?10-1 min-1, ao coque depositado no s?tio do material), tr?s constantes de
equil?brio (a global 0,003, relativa ao clorometano 0,417 bar-1, e a de forma??o de
hidrocarbonetos 2,266 bar-1) e o do perfil do fator de atividade (1,516). Em termos de ajustes,
o modelo representou um comportamento satisfat?rio em rela??o ao mecanismo proposto
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