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Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre l'influence de la coupe des pierres sur la résistance des arcs et des voûtes clavés en général, et des couvrements plans en particulier. L'étude historique et typologique des plates-bandes et des voûtes plates, à travers les exemples construits et les traités d'architecture et de coupe des pierres du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, forme le préalable à l'étude mécanique de ces constructions. Les plates-bandes à joints en~X, les plates-bandes en fausse-coupe, et les voûtes plates d'Abeille sont étudiées en détail en raison de leur stéréotomie savante. Les règles géométriques utilisées pour l'appareillage des plates-bandes, d'une part par les architectes, et d'autre part par les appareilleurs et tailleurs de pierre, émergent de ce travail. Une extension de la méthode des réseaux de forces est proposée, pour tenir compte de l'appareil des voûtes, pour raffiner les réseaux, et pour intégrer rigoureusement les réseaux à la théorie du calcul à la rupture. Des stratégies de calcul pour la recherche des chargements extrêmes, dont la détermination fonde la faisabilité de la technique, sont proposées. Les études mécaniques conduites considèrent les arcs en plein-cintre et dômes hémisphériques, les plates-bandes et voûtes plates, et les voûtes hélicoïdales. Elles illustrent la précision de l'estimatif proposée pour le coefficient de sécurité géométrique, l'influence de la coupe des pierres pour les couvrements plans, et les possibilités et limites de l'application de la méthode des réseaux de forces à l'étude des constructions clavées / This work aims at a better understanding of the influence of stereotomy on the stability of stone-cut archs and vaults in general, and flat archs and flat vaults in particular. A study of the history and typology of flat archs and flat vaults, through the consideration of existing examples and treaties of architecture or stereotomy from 1500 to 1800, is a preambule to the mechanical study of these constructions. Flat archs with X-joints, flat archs en fausse-coupe, and Abeille's flat vaults are studied in detail because of their specific stereotomy. Geometric rules used to determine joint orientation, by architects on the one hand, and by stone masons on the other hand, emerge from this work. An extension of the force network method is presented, in order to take into account the vaults' stonework, to find new equilibrium solutions by refining networks, and to comply rigourously with the theory of yield calculus. Calculus strategies for the search of limit loads, whose determination is essential for the technique, are given. Mechanical studies are conducted on cylindrical archs and hemispherical domes, flat archs and flat vaults, and helicoidal vaults. They show the precision of the geometric safety factor estimate, the influence of stone cutting on flat archs and vaults, and the possibilities and limits of using the force networks method to study stone-cut vaults

This doctoral thesis focuses on the research of the pedestrian bridges formed by the flat arch. To understand the basic static behaviour of the flat arch it was necessary to make a study of the development of the direct flat arch as footbridge with large span and the impact of stiffness on its camber. For the mathematical modeling FEM software ANSYS were used. The calculation has shown that a design of purely concrete flat arch would demand enormous bending stiffness, which can be achieved only through a massive cross-section. The findings gained in this chapter were further used to design a unique pedestrian bridge formed by the curved in plan flat arch, where to transfer of the large bending moments a steel pipe was designed. Several variants with different span and rise of the arch in plan were tested. From the tested variants was then selected footbridge with a span of 45 m and with the rise of the arch 10 m, which seemed to be the best solution according to the calculations and it was further analyzed in detail. The studied structure is formed by curved concrete slab that is stiffened through the steel brackets on the inner side of a steel tube with a graded thickness. The external cables that are situated in the handrail pipe balance the dead load torsional moment. Designed structure and the static analysis procedure were verified on a fully functional 1:6 scale model. The thesis describes the model analogy used for the design of the model, its structural design and its implementation. Load tests on the model confirmed correctness of the design of the proposed curved in plan pedestrian bridge, its high carrying capacity and the accuracy of the developed procedure of static analysis. Results and experiences acquired from the design and the realization of model are the basis for a practical realization of studied structures. The last part of the thesis deals with the possibility of replacement of the steel components with concrete in pedestrian bridges formed