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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Flattening Filter Free photon beams for treatment of early-stage lung cancer: an investigation of peripheral dose

Mader, Joanna E. 23 December 2014 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the peripheral dose associated with VMAT lung SABR treatments for 10X, 6X, and 10X-FFF beams. Flattening Filter Free (FFF) radiotherapy photon beams exhibit high dose rates as compared to standard flattened photon beams. The high dose rates available with FFF beams make them ideal for high dose treatments, such as Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)-delivery lung Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR), where treatment delivery is longer than that of standard treatments. They are also known to show reductions in treatment head scatter, multi-leaf collimator (MLC) transmission and treatment head leakage radiation, compared to flattened beams. The use of FFF beams for VMAT lung SABR has been shown to significantly reduce treatment delivery time, while maintaining plan quality and accuracy. Another potential advantage of the use of FFF beams for VMAT lung SABR is the reduction in peripheral (out-of-field) dose, due mainly to the reduction in head scatter and treatment head leakage. The peripheral doses delivered by VMAT Lung SABR treatments using 10X-FFF, 10X and 6X were investigated for the Varian TrueBeam medical linear accelerator. There were three components to this investigation; (1) Ion chamber measurement of peripheral dose for static open, static MLC and dynamic MLC fields, (2) Validation of Monte Carlo, Acuros XB and AAA algorithms for peripheral dose prediction, and (3) Evaluation of peripheral doses for VMAT lung SABR treatments using the validated Monte Carlo model. Measurements of out-of field doses for static open, static MLC and dynamic MLC fields showed that 10X-FFF delivered peripheral doses in the range of 30% to 50%, 3% to 40% and 5% to 20% lower than the peripheral doses for flattened beams. Dose calculation algorithm validation showed that AAA and Acuros XB significantly under predicted the dose in the peripheral region. Monte Carlo was found to be the most accurate dose calculation algorithm for peripheral dose prediction. The VMAT lung SABR dose distributions were calculated for both static gantry delivery and arc delivery using the validated Monte Carlo model. For static gantry Monte Carlo simulation, 10X-FFF was found to show a reduction in peripheral dose in the range of 7% to 21% and 7% to 17% when compared to 6X and 10X. For arc delivery Monte Carlo simulation, 10X-FFF was found to deliver a statistically significant reduction in mean peripheral dose compared to 6X in four of the six cases, and was not found to deliver a statistically significant reduction in mean peripheral dose compared to 10X in any of the six cases. For this type of VMAT lung SABR treatment, 10X-FFF offers a reduction in peripheral dose over 6X. In terms of the benefits of using 10X-FFF for this type of treatment, the reduction in peripheral dose is added to the already-established reduction in treatment times. / Graduate / 0756 / 0574
2

Radiothérapie asservie à la respiration en combinaison avec l'utilisation d'un faisceau sans filtre égalisateur

Péloquin, Simon 01 1900 (has links)
La radiothérapie stéréotaxique corporelle (SBRT) est une technique couramment employée pour le traitement de tumeurs aux poumons lorsque la chirurgie n’est pas possible ou refusée par le patient. Une complication de l’utilisation de cette méthode provient du mouvement de la tumeur causé par la respiration. Dans ce contexte, la radiothérapie asservie à la respiration (RGRT) peut être bénéfique. Toutefois, la RGRT augmente le temps de traitement en raison de la plus petite proportion de temps pour laquelle le faisceau est actif. En utilisant un faisceau de photons sans filtre égalisateur (FFF), ce problème peut être compensé par le débit de dose plus élevé d’un faisceau FFF. Ce mémoire traite de la faisabilité d’employer la technique de RGRT en combinaison avec l’utilisation un faisceau FFF sur un accélérateur Synergy S (Elekta, Stockholm, Suède) avec une ceinture pneumatique, le Bellows Belt (Philips, Amsterdam, Pays-Bas), comme dispositif de suivi du signal respiratoire. Un Synergy S a été modifié afin de pouvoir livrer un faisceau 6 MV FFF. Des mesures de profils de dose et de rendements en profondeur ont été acquises en cuve à eau pour différentes tailles de champs. Ces mesures ont été utilisées pour créer un modèle du faisceau 6 MV FFF dans le système de planification de traitement Pinnacle3 de Philips. Les mesures ont été comparées au modèle à l’aide de l’analyse gamma avec un critère de 2%, 2 mm. Par la suite, cinq plans SBRT avec thérapie en arc par modulation volumétrique (VMAT) ont été créés avec le modèle 6 MV du Synergy S, avec et sans filtre. Une comparaison des paramètres dosimétriques a été réalisée entre les plans avec et sans filtre pour évaluer la qualité des plans FFF. Les résultats révèlent qu’il est possible de créer des plans SBRT VMAT avec le faisceau 6 MV FFF du Synergy S qui sont cliniquement acceptables (les crières du Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0618 sont respectés). Aussi, une interface physique de RGRT a été mise au point pour remplir deux fonctions : lire le signal numérique de la ceinture pneumatique Bellows Belt et envoyer une commande d’irradiation binaire au linac. L’activation/désactivation du faisceau du linac se fait par l’entremise d’un relais électromécanique. L’interface comprend un circuit électronique imprimé fait maison qui fonctionne en tandem avec un Raspberry Pi. Un logiciel de RGRT a été développé pour opérer sur le Raspberry Pi. Celui-ci affiche le signal numérique du Bellows Belt et donne l’option de choisir les limites supérieure et inférieure de la fenêtre d’irradiation, de sorte que lorsque le signal de la ceinture se trouve entre ces limites, le faisceau est actif, et inversement lorsque le signal est hors de ces limites. Le logiciel envoie donc une commande d’irradiation au linac de manière automatique en fonction de l’amplitude du signal respiratoire. Finalement, la comparaison entre la livraison d’un traitement standard sans RGRT avec filtre par rapport à un autre plan standard sans RGRT sans filtre démontre que le temps de traitement en mode FFF est réduit en moyenne de 54.1% pour un arc. De la même manière, la comparaison entre la livraison d’un traitement standard sans RGRT avec filtre par rapport à un plan de RGRT (fenêtre d’irradiation de 75%) sans filtre montre que le temps de traitement de RGRT en mode FFF est réduit en moyenne de 27.3% par arc. Toutefois, il n’a pas été possible de livrer des traitements de RGRT avec une fenêtre de moins de 75%. Le linac ne supporte pas une fréquence d’arrêts élevée. / Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a technique commonly employed for treatment of lung tumors when surgery is not possible or not accepted by the patient. One complication arising from the use of this method comes from the movement of the tumor during respiration. In this context, respiratory gated radiation therapy (RGRT) can be beneficial. By using a flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam, the increase in treatment time caused by a reduced beam-on time of respiratory gated methods can be compensated by the inherent increased dose rate of FFF beams. This thesis reports on the feasibility of using the RGRT technique in combination with the use of a FFF photon beam on a Synergy S (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) linear accelerator with a pneumatic belt, the Bellows Belt (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands), to monitor the patient’s respiratory signal. A Synergy S has been modified to deliver a 6 MV FFF photon beam. Dose profile and percentage depth dose measurements were taken in a water tank for different field sizes. Those measurements were used to create a model for the 6 MV FFF beam with the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system from Philips. Measurements were compared with the model using gamma index analysis with a 2%, 2 mm criterion. Then, five SBRT plans with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were created in Pinnacle3 with the 6 MV Synergy S model, with and without a flattening filter. A comparison of dosimetric parameters was made between plans with and without a flattening filter to estimate the quality of the FFF plans. Results reveal that it is possible to create SBRT VMAT plans with the 6 MV FFF model of the Synergy S that are clinically acceptable (criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0618 were respected). Also, a RGRT hardware interface was created to fulfill two main functions: read the digital signal from the Bellows Belt pneumatic belt and send an on/off irradiation command to the linac. The activation/deactivation of the beam is regulated by an electromechanical relay. The interface is composed of a homemade printed circuit board that functions with a Raspberry Pi. A RGRT software was also developed to operate on the Raspberry Pi. This software shows the Bellows Belt’s digital signal and gives the option of choosing the upper and lower limits of the gating window. When the respiratory signal of the belt is between those limits, the beam is active, and vice versa when the signal is outside those limits. The software thus effectively sends an on/off irradiation command automatically to the linac depending on the amplitude of the respiratory signal. Finally, a comparison between the delivery of a standard plan without RGRT, with filter, and another standard plan without RGRT, without filter, shows that the treatment time for plans using the FFF beam is reduced by 54.1% on average for one arc. Similarly, a comparison between the delivery of a standard plan without RGRT, with filter, and a gated plan (gating window of 75%), without filter, shows that the treatment time for the gated treatments is reduced by 27.3% on average for one arc. However, it was not possible to deliver RGRT treatments with a gating window smaller than 75%. The linac does not support such a high frequency of beam halting.

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