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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T15:07:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pilarcozendeysilva.pdf: 4550098 bytes, checksum: db6b2e284bcd0084843d5f3089502818 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:03:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pilarcozendeysilva.pdf: 4550098 bytes, checksum: db6b2e284bcd0084843d5f3089502818 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:03:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pilarcozendeysilva.pdf: 4550098 bytes, checksum: db6b2e284bcd0084843d5f3089502818 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Os répteis Squamata possuem um sistema sensorial sofisticado, adaptado ao ambiente em que vivem e as atividades desempenhadas em seu forrageio. A língua de lagartos é estrutura componente do sistema sensorial fundamental para o forrageio. Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou investigar a estrutura morfo-histológica da língua de cinco espécies de lagartos brasileiros (Ameiva ameiva, Hemidactylus mabouia, Aspronema dorsivittatum, Ophiodes striatus e Tropidurus torquatus) e sua relação com os tipos de forrageio. Foram analisados o formato e comprimento de língua e confeccionadas lâminas histológicas coradas com HE e PAS, de exemplares das cinco espécies. As espécies estudadas apresentaram revestimento de epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, com variações topográficas na espessura da camada córnea. Ameiva ameiva apresentou a língua mais especializada e restrita ao forrageio ativo, enquanto Hemidactylus mabouia e Tropidurus torquatus apresentaram língua com estrutura menos favorável ao “tongue-flicking” e, portanto, mais próximo de forrageio de emboscada. As espécies Ophiodes striatus e Aspronema dorsivittatum apresentaram resultados característicos tanto de forrageio ativo quanto de emboscada, demonstrando uma provável plasticidade entre estes extremos. Esta flutuação entre tipos de forrageio já foi observada dentro do antigo gênero Mabuya a partir de estudos prévios que indicam que fatores como disponibilidade de alimento e alterações de habitat são capazes de alterar a dinâmica de forrageio de algumas espécies. No presente estudo foi possível relacionar aspectos como tipos de papilas, formato de língua, arranjo muscular, camada de queratina, presença de botões gustativos, entre outros, com a provável dinâmica de forrageio das cinco espécies estudadas. O arranjo muscular encontrado nos forrageadores ativos foi considerado mais compacto e direcionado ao “tongue-flicking”, enquanto o dos forrageadores de emboscada o arranjo muscular se mostra menos restrito. A análise das características externas e microscópicas da língua trouxeram grandes contribuições para o entendimento de como cada espécie, por exemplo, otimiza a sua percepção do ambiente, como percebe o tempo e seu gasto energético. Além disso, contribui com maiores informações a cerca da morfologia e ecologia de espécies ocorrentes no Brasil. / The Squamata reptiles have a sophisticated sensory system, frequently adapted to the environment in which they live and the activities performed in their foraging. The tongue lizards is a fundamental structure of the sensory system for foraging. Thus, this study sought investigate the morphological and histological tongue structure of five species of Brazilian lizards (Ameiva ameiva, Hemidactylus maboiua, Aspronema dorsivittatum, Ophiodes striatus e Tropidurus torquatus) and its relationship with ambush and active foraging. For that, were analyzed the shape and elongation and made histological slides of language specimens of the five species and colored by HE and PAS. The tongue of all species showed stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, with the keratin layer varying in thickness and position in the tongue. Ameiva ameiva showed the most specialized tongue and restricted to wile foraging, while H. mabouia and T. torquatus presented tongue with less favorable to “tongue-flicking” and therefore closest to ambush foraging structure. The O. striatus and A. dorsivittatum specie showed characteristics of both foraging types, showing a probable plasticity between the extremes of wile and ambush foraging. This fluctuation between types of foraging has been observed within the old genus Mabuya from previous studies that indicate that factors such as food availability and habitat changes are able to alter the dynamics of some species foraging. In the present study it was possible to relate aspects such as types of papillae, tongue shape, muscular arrangement, keratin layer, among others, with the possible dynamics of foraging the five species. The muscle arrangement found in active foragers was considered more compact and focused for the “tongue-flicking”, while the ambush foragers muscle arrangement shown less restricted. And stand out from other factors such as the presence of taste buds. The analysis of external and microscopic characteristics of the tongue provided great contributions to the understanding of how the lizard optimizes its environment perception, as realize the time and its energy expenditure. Also contributes with more information about the morphology and ecology of species occurring in Brazil.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Background In sport, competitive athletes are required to perform to the best of their ability, with some athletes seeking the use of chiropractic treatment to improve performance. For example, hockey players are required to perform at peak physical function whilst executing a drag flick. The action of a drag flick involves a player hunched over low down in front of the ball and the hook of the hockey stick makes contact with the ball, which is then ball is pushed along the ground with the ball moving slightly up the shaft of the stick. The player then performs ‘slinging’ action, which means they ‘flick’ the ball towards the goal posts. The drag flick is an explosive sequential movement involving the player’s pelvis, trunk and upper limbs, requiring the use of the spine to generate the speed of the stick and ball. As a result any decreased spinal movement could reduce performance. Therefore this study attempted to assess the use of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) in improving the drag flicking performance of hockey players. SMT has been shown to be a safe and effective way of increasing spinal joint mobility Objectives To determine and compare the effect of placebo and spinal manipulative therapy in terms of subjective and objective measurements on drag flicking performance of premier league field hockey players. Methods A comparative, experimental study of forty asymptomatic premier league hockey drag flickers were divided into two groups of twenty each. Group A received SMT of fixated joints of the spine (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) as determined by motion palpation by an experienced qualified chiropractor. Group B received sham manipulation. Pre and post intervention ROM of the spine and drag flicking speed where measured using CROM, Inclinometer, BROM II and Speed TracX Speed Sport Radar. The subject’s perception of a change in drag flicking speed post intervention was also recorded. SPSS version 21 was used to analyse the data. A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Significant differences in ROM were noticed in the inter-group analysis in cervical: extension; LLF; RR PA, thoracic: extension; LLF, RLF, lumbar: extension, LLF, RLF. There was a significant increase in drag flicking speed post SMT, but between the SMT and sham manipulation groups were not significantly different. A significant correlation was seen between subjects’ perception of change in drag flicking speed post intervention and the objective results obtained. Conclusion The immediate effect of SMT on drag flicking performance of hockey players was inconclusive. The outcomes of this study suggests that SMT results in an increase in the average speed of drag flicking, however further larger studies are required to confirm this. / M