abstract: Sustainability and environmental justice, two fields that developed parallel to each other, are both insufficient to deal with the challenges posed by institutional environmental violence (IEV). This thesis examines the discursive history of sustainability and critiques its focus on science-based technical solutions to large-scale global problems. It further analyzes the gaps in sustainability discourse that can be filled by environmental justice, such as the challenges posed by environmental racism. Despite this, neither field is able to contend with IEV in a meaningful way, which this thesis argues using the case study of the Flint Water Crisis (FWC). The FWC has been addressed as both an issue of sustainability and of environmental justice, yet IEV persists in the community. This is due in part to the narrative of crisis reflected by the FWC and the role that knowledge production plays in that narrative. To fill the gap left by both sustainability and environmental justice, this thesis emphasizes the need for a transformational methodology incorporating knowledge produced by communities and individuals directly impacted by sustainability problems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2019

This thesis is a pilot study, designed to test and develop methods suitable for the study of Scandinavian flint spearhead functionality. The functionality of projectile and lithic point armament has not been studied for almost 30 years in Scandinavia. Meanwhile, methods used to analyse lithic projectiles have developed considerably. However, few of these methods are precise enough to be used in conjunction with Scandinavian stone technological analyses that emphasize the societal aspect of lithic points. Consequently, two methods were chosen that could provide data for Scandinavian research issues: 3D-scanning/continuum mechanical simulations and organic residue analysis. The methods were tested on 6 experimental spearheads. The continuum mechanical simulation generated both visual and numerical data that could be used to create precise functional-morphological descriptions. The data could also potentially be used for projectile point classification. The organic residue analysis revealed promising results for the use of an artefact and activity specific analysis, with a sequential extraction protocol. In unison, the results from both analyses could be used to reveal how spearheads were functionally designed and used in Stone Age Scandinavia, even though there are methodological and technological issues that need solving.

The Cody Complex is a late Paleo-Indian complex found throughout the Great Plains of North America. In Saskatchewan, material of the complex is mostly found as surface finds and therefore out of its original context. In situ Cody Complex material has only been recovered from three excavated sites in Saskatchewan. While various archaeologists (professional and avocational) have collected and recorded Cody material from surface finds throughout the province, the results of their efforst have not been widely disseminated. These issues have led to a situation in which little is known about the Cody Complex in Saskatchewan. This thesis attempts to begin correcting this problem, firstly by acting as a reference source by compiling as much information as possible on the Cody Complex material found throughout Saskatchewan. Included in these reference materials are pictures, measurements and find locations of the projectile points and Cody knives whenever such information is available. Secondly an attempt is made to determine possible Cody Complex mobility and landuse patterns within the province. Mobility and landuse patterns were determined based on the lithic material types used to make the Cody Complex projectile points and Cody knives. In particular the find locations of various specimens was compared to where the material could be acquired. Cody Complex projectile points and the associated knives were focused on due to most Cody Complex material in the province being surface collected. Based on the lithic types used to create these tools, the Cody Complex people in Saskatchewan were practicing a highly mobile and non-local landuse pattern, with a particular focus of interactions with more southern areas such as the Knife River Flint quarry area of North Dakota.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008. / Title from file title page. Jeremy E. Diem, committee chair; Jeremy W. Crampton, John W. Matthews, committee members. Electronic text (84 p. : ill. (some col., maps (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 1, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-84).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

As waterborne disease originating in potable water plumbing systems (such as Legionnaires' Disease and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) infections) continue to increase, it is important to better understand the cause(s), responsible parties and interventions to prevent disease. This dissertation begins with a literature review characterizing the propensity of building (premise) plumbing to enhance or diminish opportunistic pathogen growth, including Legionella. It then holistically examines the problem at the field, bench and pilot scale by first discovering problems with lead and Legionella in Flint, MI, during an event popularly referred to as the Flint Water Crisis in 2014-2016. Four years were then spent simulating critical factors hypothesized to have triggered the Legionella outbreak in residences and in a large hospital in Flint. In parallel with that work, pilot scale rigs were operated for several years, to examine the important role of water heater system design and operation on energy efficiency, hot water delivery, and Legionella. The first chapter literature review is entitled "Critical Review of the Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish the Growth of Legionella and Other Opportunistic Pathogens." It examines the complex environments found in premise systems, focusing primarily on the role of pipe materials. The effects of metallic (copper, iron) and plastic pipe materials on opportunistic pathogens and Legionella include their effect on nutrient availability, disinfectant levels, and the composition of the broader microbiome. Design, configuration, and operation are also examined in terms of their potential for influencing opportunistic pathogens. This chapter demonstrates that pipe materials have the potential to stimulate or inhibit pathogen growth, dependent on circumstance and water chemistry. This chapter will be submitted to the journal Pathogens. The field study in this work first predicted, discovered and then exposed problems with lead and Legionella in Flint, Michigan. A citizen science project that sampled Flint water in August 2015, demonstrated a city-wide problem with water lead exceeding the EPA limit of 15 µg/L after corrosion control was interrupted. Follow-up sampling events between August 2015 and August 2017 demonstrated that the switch back to the original water source and addition of enhanced corrosion control in October 2015, dramatically reduced lead, copper and iron levels flowing into consumer homes. Entitled "Evaluating Water Lead Levels During the Flint Water Crisis," this work was published in Environmental Science and Technology in 2018. After our Virginia Tech team's work helped expose a Legionnaires' disease outbreak that killed twelve people and sickened nearly one hundred individuals, the started to explore possible links between corrosion control, plumbing materials and disinfection that could help explain the trajectory of disease in Flint and elsewhere. Three separate experiments were performed using bench-scale simulated glass water heaters. Two of the studies attempted to simulate what occurred in Flint homes before, during and after the water crisis in relation to factors that either encouraged or discouraged Legionella growth, while the third examined the more benign Blacksburg tap water and a broader range of influential plumbing conditions. The first study entitled "Copper Pipe, Lack of Corrosion Control, and Uncontrolled pH Influenced the Trajectory of the Flint Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak," determined that the very low pH levels in summer 2015 and interruption of phosphate corrosion control, could cause explosive growth of Legionella in PEX plumbing held at warm temperature, without disinfectant and with constant mixing. Under the same conditions copper pipe had antimicrobial properties that markedly reduced Legionella in our experiments. This work has been submitted for review to Environmental Science and Technology. The second companion study conducted at a higher pH, without mixing and with trace chlorine, found 2.5 log10 lower levels of Legionella compared to the worst-case conditions in the aforementioned study, demonstrating the importance of mixing and traces of chlorine. Higher levels of disinfectant and the presence of copper pipe also enhanced control of Legionella. This manuscript is titled "Interactive Effects of Copper Pipe, Stagnation, Corrosion Control, and Disinfectant Residual Influenced Reduction of Legionella pneumophila during Simulations of the Flint Water Crisis," and it has been published in Pathogens. The third simulated glass water heater study examined the disinfection of opportunistic pathogens in the presence of six different premise plumbing materials or conditions in Blacksburg tap water. Generally speaking, all of the premise plumbing materials reduced disinfection of opportunistic pathogens compared to a control condition with glass surfaces. Chlorine decay was catalyzed by iron pipe, warmer temperature and the presence of organic matter, increasing the persistence of Legionella. Magnesium anodes in particular, encouraged much higher Legionella growth compared to all other materials. This work titled "Chlorine and Chloramine Disinfection of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and Acanthamoeba Under Warm Water Premise Plumbing Conditions," has been submitted to Microorganisms. Results of a six-year pilot study titled "Elucidating the Role of Water Heater System Configuration in Energy Efficiency, Consumer Comfort and Legionella Proliferation," examined different types of residential-sized water heater systems with plastic pipes including: a standard tank system with water stagnant between uses, a recirculating tank system with flowing water between uses, and an on-demand system which only heated water and had flow during use. Considering the volume of water in each tank between 38 and 47 ° C as a measure of Legionella growth risk, with a heater setpoint at 48 °C (118 °F) the recirculating system had 90% of its volume at risk daily compared to only 24% of the standard system volume. The on-demand system used a minimum of 10% less energy than the standard tank, and 50% less energy than the recirculating tank, and had one tenth of the volume at risk of growing Legionella than either tank system. In fact, it was only by contriving a system to keep distal lines artificially warmed to above room temperature, that Legionella growth could occur in the on-demand system, whereas it rose to 107 L. pneumophila MPN per liter in a normally operating recirculating system. On the other hand, the on-demand heaters were repeatedly subject to mechanical malfunction during the study, and had difficulty delivering water at the desired temperature and flow rates versus traditional tank systems. This manuscript will be submitted to Water Research. / Doctor of Philosophy / Recent water crises in Flint, Michigan and Legionnaires' Disease outbreaks in Flint, New York City, and Quincy, Illinois have demonstrated the need to better understand the cause(s), responsible parties, and interventions required to prevent waterborne diseases. As waterborne disease originating in building plumbing systems (premise plumbing), such as Legionnaires' Disease and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial infections, continue to increase each year, the burden on healthcare systems and impact on public health also grows. In this dissertation, a literature review, a field study of water in Flint, small-scale laboratory studies, and residential-sized water heater systems were examined to study interactions between water chemistry, premise plumbing, and disease-causing opportunistic pathogens (OPs) with a focus on Legionella, the OP which causes Legionnaires' Disease. The first chapter literature review is entitled "Critical Review of the Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish the Growth of Legionella and Other Opportunistic Pathogens." It examines the complex environments found in premise systems, and the important role of pipe material selection. The effects of metallic (copper, iron) and plastic pipe materials on opportunistic pathogens and Legionella include their impact on nutrient availability, disinfectant levels, and the composition of the broader microbiome. Design, configuration, and operation of plumbing systems are also examined in terms of their potential for influencing growth of opportunistic pathogens. This chapter demonstrates that pipe materials have the potential to stimulate or inhibit pathogen growth, dependent on circumstance and water chemistry. The field study in this work exposed problems with lead and Legionella in Flint, Michigan, during an event known in the popular press as the Flint Water Crisis 2014-2016. In August 2015, a citizen science sampling campaign demonstrated a citywide lead in water problem. After a federal emergency was declared, follow-up sampling events between August 2015 and August 2017 demonstrated that the switch back to the original water source, enhanced disinfection, and corrosion control under federal direction had reduced lead levels to half of the EPA limit. Additionally, the pipe material installed between each home and the water main (service lines) affected levels of lead and copper in water, with the lowest lead concentrations measured in homes with copper service lines. After our teams' work in Flint helped expose a Legionnaires' disease outbreak that killed twelve people and sickened nearly one hundred other individuals, we started to explore possible links between corrosion control, plumbing materials, and disinfection that could affect the trajectory of disease in Flint and elsewhere. Three follow-up studies, using small glass bottles to simulate water heaters, provided more specific comparisons between water conditions in premise plumbing and OP occurrence. Two studies expanded on phosphate corrosion control, chlorine (disinfectant) decay, and pH-related research questions, which arose during the Flint water crisis field study. The first determined that properly treated drinking water and some mixing could inhibit Legionella growth in copper pipes. The second study found that without mixing, copper could be antimicrobial and reduce Legionella growth even if the water chemistry was slightly altered with higher pH. The third simulated water heater study examined the reduction of OPs using a chlorine or chlorine plus ammonia disinfectant to reduce Legionella in the presence of six different plumbing conditions. The reduction of Legionella with chlorine was inhibited when carbon was increased and in the presence of a magnesium anode rod, a necessary water heater component. A six-year study using a residential-sized water heater system holistically examined three different types of water heater systems with plastic pipes: one using a standard water heater tank with water stagnant between uses, one using a water heater tank connected to a recirculating pump to provide constantly flowing water, and one tankless (on-demand) heater which only heated water and provided flow during use. Using temperature as an indicator of risk for Legionella growth, the recirculating system at a temperature setpoint of 48 °C (118 °F) would be at high risk for Legionella growth (water volume at 38-47 °C or 100-117 °F) in 90% of the tank volume each day, whereas the standard system would only be at high risk in 24% of the tank each day. The on-demand system provided the safest alternative for hot water distribution with virtually undetectable levels of Legionella risk when the pipes were kept at room temperature as per normal operation. The on-demand system also used at least 50% less energy than the recirculating system and 10% less energy than the standard system; however, we were not successful in finding a reliable on-demand system that could also provide hot water at the desired temperature and flow rate.

Im Rahmen der Biogasgewinnung in Deutschland wurde Mais schnell zum beliebtesten Substrat für den Einsatz in Biogasanlagen. Die damit verbundene, rasante Steigerung der Maisanbaufläche wurde mit Einführung des „Maisdeckels“ (EEG 2012, § 27) vorerst gestoppt. Dieser begrenzt die Nutzung von Mais und Getreidekorn als Substrat in Biogasanlagen (mit Inbetriebnahme nach 1.1.2012) bei 60 % sofern ein Anspruch auf Förderung bestehen soll. Dennoch ist die Akzeptanz des Maisanbaus in der Öffentlichkeit stark gesunken und wird unter dem Begriff „Vermaisung“ mit einer Vielzahl negativer Aspekte diskutiert. Hierzu gehören neben ökologische Folgen, wie Biodiversitätsverlust und Grünlandumbrüchen auch ökonomische wie eine Erhöhung der Pachtpreise und ethische Argumente wie der „Teller oder Tank“ Konflikt. Um zukünftig sowohl ökonomischen als auch ökologischen Ansprüchen zu genügen, bietet der Maisanbau mit Stangenbohnen in Mischkultur eine interessante Alternative. Die Stangenbohnen bieten eine Nahrungsquelle für Bestäuberinsekten und das Potential die Stickstoffdüngung in der Mischkultur zu reduzieren. Zur Nahrungsmittelproduktion ist dieses System in den Tropen weit verbreitet und auch in Deutschland konnte es auf Anhieb in Vorversuchen zur Biomasseproduktion sehr hohe Erträge erzielen. Die vielversprechenden ersten Erfahrungen führen zu der Frage, ob spezielle Maisgenotypen und –zuchtprogramme sinnvoll sind, welche die Erträge weiter steigern können, oder ob die gängigen Maissorten geeignet sind. Hierzu wurden zunächst 2012 180 Testhybriden (90 Flintlinien mit einem Denttester sowie 90 Dentlinien mit einem Flinttester) sowohl im Reinanbau (10 Maispflanzen /m²) als auch in Mischkultur (7,5 Maispflanzen/m²) mit der Stangenbohnensorte „Neckarkönigin“ (7,5 Bohnenpflanzen/m²) an drei Standorten (Göttingen, Einbeck, Grucking) angebaut, von denen lediglich Einbeck auswertbar war. Aufgrund der Gesamttrockenmasseleistung ihrer Testkreuzungen wurden für jedes Anbausystem die besten 20 Flint- und 20 Dentlinien selektiert. Die Bohnenertragsanteile lagen auf Grund der Frühreife der „Neckarkönigin“ bei durchschnittlich nur 5 % und resultierten in der Aufnahme der Bohnensorten „Bobis a grano nero“ und „Anellino verde“ in die Versuche der Mischkultur im folgenden Jahr. Die selektierten Maislinien wurden im Winterzuchtgarten erneut mit einem Tester des anderen Genpools gekreuzt und 2013 in dem Anbausystem angebaut, in dem sie im Vorjahr selektiert wurden. Der Anbau erfolge an drei Standorten (Göttingen, Einbeck, Eutingen). Auf Grund der schlechten Frühjahrswitterung konnten nur die Versuche in Göttingen und Einbeck auswertet werden. Die Bohnenertragsanteile 2013 lagen bei durchschnittlich nur 2 %, jedoch konnte sich „Anellino verde“ durch eine ausgeprägte Spätreife auszeichnen. Aus den 20 Testhybriden je Genpool und Anbausystem wurden die besten 5 Flint- bzw. Dentlinien je Anbausystem selektiert. Bei den Flintlinien aus der Mischkultur wurde aus versuchstechnischen Gründen nur 4 Linien selektiert. Im Winterzuchtgarten wurden die 5 Flint- und Dentlinien, welche im Reinanbau selektiert wurden, faktoriell miteinander gekreuzt. Gleiches gilt für die 4 Flint- und 5 Dentlinien aus der Mischkultur. So entstanden 45 Experimentalhybriden, welche im letzten Versuchsjahr 2014 sowohl in Reinanbau mit 7,5 Maispflanzen/m² und 10 Maispflanzen/m² als auch in Mischkultur mit „Anellino verde“ (7,5 Maispflanzen/m² und 10 Bohnenpflanzen/m²) an den Standorten Göttingen, Einbeck und Eutingen untersucht wurden. In diesem Jahr konnten Bohnenertragsanteile von bis zu 13 % erreicht werden. In der Maiszüchtung werden bei der Selektion der Trockenmasseertrag und der Trockensubstanzgehalt betrachtet. Zur Berechnung des erwarteten Selektionserfolges wurde daher mit dem reifekorrigierten Ertrag (RekoE) ein Merkmal berechnet, welches Trockenmasseertrag und Trockensubstanzgehalt berücksichtigt. Für dieses Merkmal zeigen 2012 signifikante Maisgenotyp x Anbausystem Interaktionen, dass ein spezielles Zuchtprogramm zur Entwicklung von Maissorten für den Anbau in Mischkultur sinnvoll sein kann. Allerdings lagen die genetischen Korrelationen zwischen RekoE im Reinanbau und RekoE in Mischkultur bei 0,76 – 0,83. Diese hohen Korrelationen lassen eine indirekte Selektion auf Mischkultureignung des Maises attraktiv erscheinen. Hierbei würde im Reinanbau indirekt auf das Zielmerkmal (Mischkultureignung) selektiert. Unter Berücksichtigung, dass eine Selektion in Mischkultur (direkte Selektion) zusätzliche Ressourcen verlangt und Mais ohnehin im Reinanbau in der praktischen Maiszüchtung getestet wird, konnte kein Vorteil auf Seiten der direkten Selektion gegenüber der Selektion im Reinanbau (indirekte Selektion) bei den Flinttesthybriden ermittelt werden. Bei den Denttesthybriden hingegen konnten Vorteile einer direkten Selektion ermittelt werden, da in der Mischkultur die Heritabilität um 0,08 höher war als im Reinanbau. 2014 konnten keine Maisgenotyp x Anbausystem Interaktionen nachgewiesen werden und die Schätzwerte für die genetischen Korrelationen zwischen Reinanbau und Mischkultur lagen bei 1. Dies führt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass wahrscheinlich kein eigenständiges Zuchtprogramm für Mais in Mischkultur zu rechtfertigen ist. Stattdessen könnte zunächst im Reinanbau eine Vorselektion stattfinden mit einer abschließenden Prüfung in Mischkultur. Obwohl in den Versuchen nur geringe Bohnenanteile realisiert wurden, resultierten aus den in Mischkultur selektierten Linien einige sehr leistungsstarke Hybriden. Für die zukünftige Etablierung der Mischkultur von Mais und Bohnen zur Biomasseproduktion gilt es nun auf Seiten der Bohne das genetische Potential für dieses Anbausystem zu untersuchen und zu nutzen. Erste Begleitversuche im Rahmen dieser Arbeit haben gezeigt, dass hier ein enormes Potential liegt.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 W542 / Master of Arts / Geography