Well stimulation is the treatment remedy when oil/gas productivity decreases to unacceptable economical limits. Well stimulation can be carried out through either "Matrix Acidizing" or fracturing with both "Hydraulic Fracturing" and "Acid Fracturing" techniques. "Matrix Acidizing" and "Acid Fracturing" applications involve injecting an acid to react with the formation and dissolve some of the minerals present and recover or increase the permeability. The permeability enhancement is achieved by creating conductive channels "wormholes" in case of "Matrix Acidizing" or creating uneven etching pattern in case of "Acid Fracturing" treatments. In both cases, and to design a treatment successfully, it is necessary to determine the distance that the live acid will be able to penetrate inside the formation, which in turn, determines the volume of the acid needed to carry out the treatment. This distance can be obtained through lab experiments, if formation cores are available, or estimated by modeling the treatment. The successful model will depend on several chemical and physical processes that take place including: the acid transport to the surface of the rock, the speed of the reaction of the acid with the rock, which is often referred to as "Reaction Rate", and the acid leak-off. The parameters describing these processes such as acid diffusion coefficient and reaction kinetics have to be determined experimentally to ensure accurate and reliable modeling. Hydrochloric acid and simple organic acids such as acetic and citric acids have been used extensively for stimulation treatments. The diffusion and reaction kinetics of these acids, in a straight form, were investigated thoroughly in literature. However, solely these acids are used in a simple form in the field. Acid systems such as gelled, crosslinked gelled, surfactant-based, foam-based, or emulsified acids are used to either retard the reaction rate or to enhance acid diversion. Literature review shows that additional work is needed to understand the reaction and report the diffusion and kinetics of these systems with carbonate. In addition, a new chelating agent (GLDA) was recently introduced as a stand-alone stimulating fluid. The kinetics and the mass transfer properties of this acid were not studied before. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the reaction of different acid systems with calcite and dolomite and report the mass transport and kinetic data experimentally. Lactic acid, a chelating agent (GLDA), and in-situ gelled HCl-formic acids were investigated in this study. In some cases, rheology measurements and core flood experiments were conducted. The data were combined with the reaction study to understand the behavior of these acids and examine their efficiency if injected in the formation.

As inundações periódicas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Cuiabá levaram a população a buscar meios para controlar as ocorrências de inundação, o que estimulou a construção da UHE Manso, atualmente sob responsabilidade da empresa Eletrobrás Furnas, em importante afluente desse rio. A partir de então, muito se tem discutido sobre a segurança proporcionada pela contenção de cheias do Aproveitamento Múltiplo de Manso (APM Manso) nas comunidades a jusante, especialmente na região metropolitana do Vale do Rio Cuiabá. O presente trabalho se propõe a avaliar a influência do reservatório de Manso na atenuação das cheias na bacia do Cuiabá. Foram analisados cenários hidráulicos a fim de comparar o impacto dos eventos extremos que ocorreram antes e após a operação da usina nas hipóteses da existência e inexistência do reservatório, e de cheias de projeto com diversos períodos de retorno na sub-bacia do rio Manso. O amortecimento hipotético do APM Manso foi simulado pelo método de Puls, e a translação da onda de cheia foi calculada pelo modelo hidrodinâmico CLiv. Em suma, foi constatado que o reservatório evitou uma cheia que atingiria grandes magnitudes em 2006. Quanto às inundações de maior prejuízo observadas anteriormente à construção da usina, duas delas seriam substancialmente atenuadas com a existência do reservatório; no entanto, uma terceira atingiria os níveis de alerta definidos pela Defesa Civil Estadual. Por fim, concluiu-se que, nas condições ideais de simulação, o APM Manso é capaz de reduzir a frequência das cheias consideradas de risco para as comunidades a jusante para períodos de retorno entre 50 e 100 anos. Apesar do amortecimento verificado, para que haja mitigação dos impactos de maneira racional, diversos outros cuidados devem ser tomados, em especial os relacionados ao planejamento para a ocupação apropriada das áreas de planície de inundação, a fim de que a segurança da população não dependa exclusivamente do reservatório. / The constant floods in Cuiabá river basin had led population to seek ways to control the overflow occurrences, encouraging the construction of Manso hydroelectric power plant, nowadays under responsibility of Eletrobras Furnas Company, in an important tributary of this river. Much has been discussed about the safety provided by the flood attenuation of Manso Multiple Use reservoir (MMU) in downstream communities, mainly in the metropolitan region of Cuiabá River Valley. In this context, this dissertation reports on the evaluation of the influence of Manso reservoir on the flood attenuation in Cuiabá basin. Hydraulic scenarios were analyzed in order to compare the impact of extreme events that occurred before and after hydroelectric power plant operation in the case of existence and non existence of the reservoir, and the impact of design flood with many return periods in Manso river sub-basin. The hypothetical flood-control of the MMU was simulated by level pool routing method, and the wave propagation was calculated by CLiv hydrodynamic model. It was verified that the reservoir avoided an inundation of great magnitudes in 2006. Regarding the major inundations that occurred before the hydroelectric power plant construction, two of them would have been substantially attenuated by the existence of the reservoir, and a third one would have reached the alert levels defined by the State Civil Defense. Finally, it was concluded that, under perfect simulated conditions, MMU is able to reduce the flood frequency considered risky to communities downstream in return periods between 50 and 100 years. Despite the verified flood-control, for the purpose of mitigating the impacts in wise manners, many other precautions must be taken, especially those related to planning for appropriate occupation in flood plain areas, so that population safety does not depend exclusively on the reservoir.

As inundações periódicas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Cuiabá levaram a população a buscar meios para controlar as ocorrências de inundação, o que estimulou a construção da UHE Manso, atualmente sob responsabilidade da empresa Eletrobrás Furnas, em importante afluente desse rio. A partir de então, muito se tem discutido sobre a segurança proporcionada pela contenção de cheias do Aproveitamento Múltiplo de Manso (APM Manso) nas comunidades a jusante, especialmente na região metropolitana do Vale do Rio Cuiabá. O presente trabalho se propõe a avaliar a influência do reservatório de Manso na atenuação das cheias na bacia do Cuiabá. Foram analisados cenários hidráulicos a fim de comparar o impacto dos eventos extremos que ocorreram antes e após a operação da usina nas hipóteses da existência e inexistência do reservatório, e de cheias de projeto com diversos períodos de retorno na sub-bacia do rio Manso. O amortecimento hipotético do APM Manso foi simulado pelo método de Puls, e a translação da onda de cheia foi calculada pelo modelo hidrodinâmico CLiv. Em suma, foi constatado que o reservatório evitou uma cheia que atingiria grandes magnitudes em 2006. Quanto às inundações de maior prejuízo observadas anteriormente à construção da usina, duas delas seriam substancialmente atenuadas com a existência do reservatório; no entanto, uma terceira atingiria os níveis de alerta definidos pela Defesa Civil Estadual. Por fim, concluiu-se que, nas condições ideais de simulação, o APM Manso é capaz de reduzir a frequência das cheias consideradas de risco para as comunidades a jusante para períodos de retorno entre 50 e 100 anos. Apesar do amortecimento verificado, para que haja mitigação dos impactos de maneira racional, diversos outros cuidados devem ser tomados, em especial os relacionados ao planejamento para a ocupação apropriada das áreas de planície de inundação, a fim de que a segurança da população não dependa exclusivamente do reservatório. / The constant floods in Cuiabá river basin had led population to seek ways to control the overflow occurrences, encouraging the construction of Manso hydroelectric power plant, nowadays under responsibility of Eletrobras Furnas Company, in an important tributary of this river. Much has been discussed about the safety provided by the flood attenuation of Manso Multiple Use reservoir (MMU) in downstream communities, mainly in the metropolitan region of Cuiabá River Valley. In this context, this dissertation reports on the evaluation of the influence of Manso reservoir on the flood attenuation in Cuiabá basin. Hydraulic scenarios were analyzed in order to compare the impact of extreme events that occurred before and after hydroelectric power plant operation in the case of existence and non existence of the reservoir, and the impact of design flood with many return periods in Manso river sub-basin. The hypothetical flood-control of the MMU was simulated by level pool routing method, and the wave propagation was calculated by CLiv hydrodynamic model. It was verified that the reservoir avoided an inundation of great magnitudes in 2006. Regarding the major inundations that occurred before the hydroelectric power plant construction, two of them would have been substantially attenuated by the existence of the reservoir, and a third one would have reached the alert levels defined by the State Civil Defense. Finally, it was concluded that, under perfect simulated conditions, MMU is able to reduce the flood frequency considered risky to communities downstream in return periods between 50 and 100 years. Despite the verified flood-control, for the purpose of mitigating the impacts in wise manners, many other precautions must be taken, especially those related to planning for appropriate occupation in flood plain areas, so that population safety does not depend exclusively on the reservoir.

La compréhension du fonctionnement des aquifères karstiques est un enjeu considérable au vu des structures complexes de ces réservoirs. La forte hétérogénéité des écoulements induit une grande vulnérabilité de ces milieux et des comportements variés au cours des crues en lien avec différents processus de recharge. Dans le Massif du Jura, les aquifères karstiques constituent la principale ressource en eau potable et posent la question de leur rôle dans la dégradation de la qualité de l'eau observée depuis plusieurs décennies. Cette thèse propose différentes approches complémentaires pour mieux comprendre les dynamiques de crues dans ces aquifères sous diverses conditions hydrologiques. Plusieurs systèmes karstiques du Massif du Jura, présentant des dimensions variables et dominés par des mécanismes de recharges distincts, sont caractérisés à partir de suivis physico-chimiques et hydrochimiques détaillés.Tout d'abord, les différents systèmes sont comparés à l'échelle du cycle hydrologique et à l'échelle saisonnière afin d'identifier les processus de recharge dominants (infiltrations localisées et/ou diffuses) ainsi que les signatures hydrochimiques caractéristiques (arrivées allochtones, autochtones et/ou anthropiques). Une étude comparative de deux systèmes met en avant la forte variabilité saisonnière de la réponse hydrochimique sur un système marqué par une recharge localisée importante. Les différents systèmes sont ensuite analysés à une échelle de temps plus fine afin de mieux comprendre les dynamiques de crues. Une crue intense d'automne a été ainsi comparée à de plus petites crues précédées par des périodes d'étiages importantes et marquées par des signatures hydrochimiques anthropiques significatives. A partir de ces résultats, la méthode EMMA (End-Member Mixing Analysis) est appliquée afin d'établir les principaux pôles hydrochirniques responsables des contributions caractéristiques des différents systèmes. Ensuite, au vu du transport important de matières en suspension au cours des crues dans ces aquifères, une partie de ce travail vise à mieux comprendre le rôle et l'impact de ces matières sur le transport dissous et colloïdal. Les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) sont utilisés afin de caractériser l'origine et la dynamique des transferts. Ils apparaissent alors comme des outils pertinents pour identifier des phénomènes de dépôts et de remobilisation de particules dans le système. Ces dynamiques s'observent à la fois sur le système de Fourbanne marqué par une infiltration localisée importante et sur le petit système du Dahon, caractérisé par une infiltration diffuse.Finalement, afin de mieux comprendre la variabilité spatio-temporelle des interactions qui ont lieu au cours des crues le long du conduit karstique, une nouvelle approche de modélisation est définit. Elle propose l'utilisation des équations de l'onde diffusante et d'advection-diffusion avec la même résolution mathématique (solution analytique d'Hayarni (1951)) en supposant une distribution uniforme des échanges le long du conduit. A partir d'une modélisation inverse, elle permet alors d'identifier et d'estimer les échanges en termes de flux hydriques et de flux massiques entre deux stations de mesure. Cette méthodologie est appliquée sur le système de Fourbanne le long de deux tronçons caractérisant (1) la zone non-saturée et (2) zone non-saturée et saturée. L'analyse de plusieurs crues permet d'observer des dynamiques d'échanges variées sur les deux tronçons. Elle permet ainsi d'établir un schéma de fonctionnement du système soulignant des interactions importantes dans la zone saturée et également le rôle de la zone non-saturée pour le stockage dans le système karstique.Ce travail de thèse propose donc un ensemble d'outils riches et complémentaires pour mieux comprendre les dynamiques de crues et montre l'importance de coupler l'analyse des processus hydrodynamiques et hydrochimiques afin de mieux déchiffrer le fonctionnement de ces aquifères. / The understanding of karst aquifer functioning is a major issue, given the complex structures of these reservoirs. The high heterogeneity of the flows induces a high vulnerability of these media and implies distinct behaviours during floods because of various infiltration processes. In the Jura Mountains, karst aquifers constitute the main source of water drinking supply and raise the question of their role in the degradation of water quality observed for several decades. This work uses complementary approaches to better understand the dynamics of floods in aquifers under various hydrological conditions. Several karst systems of the Jura Mountains, varying in size and characterized by distinct recharge processes, are investigated by detailed physico-chemical and hydrochemical monitoring.First, the different systems are compared at the hydrological cycle scale and at the seasonal scale to identify the dominant recharge processes (localized and/or diffuse infiltrations) as well as the characteristic hydrochemical signatures (allochtonous, autochthonous and/or anthropogenic). A comparative study of two systems with distinct recharge processes highlights the high seasonal variability of the hydrochemical response. The different systems are then analysed on a finer time scale to shed light on flood dynamics. An intense autumn flood was thus compared to smaller floods preceded by periods of significant low flow and marked by significant anthropogenic hydrochemical signatures. The EMMA (End-Member Mixing Analysis) method is applied to these results in order to establish the main hydrochemical end-members responsible for the characteristic contributions of the different systems.Then, considering the important transport of suspended matter during floods in these aquifers, part of this work aims to better understand the role and impact of these materials on dissolved and colloidal transport. Metal trace elements (ETM) are used to characterize the origin and transfer dynamics. These are relevant tools to identify the processes of storage and remobilization of the particles in the system. These dynamics are observed both on the Fourbanne system with an important localized infiltration, and on the small Dahon system, characterized by diffuse infiltration.Finally, in order to shed light on the spatio-temporal variability of the interactions that occur along the karst network during floods, a new modelling approach is defined. It is based upon the use of the diffusive wave and advection­diffusion equations with the same mathematical resolution (Hayami's analytical solution (1951)) assuming a uniform distribution of the exchanges along the reach. An inverse modelling approach allows to identify and estimate the exchanges in terms of water flows and solute between two measurement stations. This methodology is applied to the Fourbanne system on two sections characterizing (1) the unsaturated zone and (2) unsaturated and saturated zone. The analysis of several floods highlights the different exchange dynamics on the two sections. It thus makes it possible to establish a functioning scheme of the system, bringing to light the important interactions in the saturated zone and also the storage role of the unsaturated zone in the karst system.This work offers a set of rich and complementary tools to better characterize the dynamics of floods and shows the importance of coupling the analysis of the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical processes to better decipher the functioning of these aquifers.